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. 2025 Nov 17;16:1640980. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1640980

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Copyright © 2025 Liu, Li, Feng, Liu, Zhu, Zhang, Zhang and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Two Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) plots show bacterial and fungal compositions. The bacterial plot on the left shows axes labeled PCoA 1 (45.88%) and PCoA 2 (27.73%). The fungal plot on the right shows axes labeled PCoA 1 (46.29%) and PCoA 2 (34.98%). Both plots contain colored dots representing six different groups: SSa, SZa, SLa, SSAFa, SZAFa, SLAFa, indicated by red, orange, green, purple, blue, and yellow respectively. — Bacterial diversity indices (A, B) and fungal diversity indices (C, D) in soil under different crop rotation patterns.