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. 2025 Nov 17;16:1640980. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1640980

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Copyright © 2025 Liu, Li, Feng, Liu, Zhu, Zhang, Zhang and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Correlation matrix visualizes relationships between soil variables and microbial groups. Colored circles indicate Pearson's r values from -1 to 1. Connecting lines show Mantel's test results, with colors based on significance levels. Solid and dashed lines represent positive and negative correlations, respectively. — Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of soil microbial communities based on weighted UniFrac distances.