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. 2025 Nov 17;16:1640980. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1640980

Figure 6.

Illustration of crop rotation effects on soil health, comparing tomato-maize-fallow with tomato-zucchini-fallow cycles. It highlights fungal groups (Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota) and bacterial groups (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota) along with soil chemical properties (OM, OC, TP, TK, TN, AK). Complexity changes for fungal and bacterial communities are indicated, showing increases or decreases with arrows.

Mantel test correlation between soil aggregate structure, soil chemical properties, and microbial communities. DMWD, dry-sieved mean weight diameter; DGMD, dry-sieved geometric mean particle size; WMWD, wet-sieved mean weight diameter; WGMD, wet-sieved geometric mean; pH, particle size; EC, electrical conductivity; OM, organic matter; OC, organic carbon; TN, total nitrogen; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen; NO3-N, nitrate nitrogen; TP, total phosphorus; AP, available phosphorus; TK, total potassium; AK, available potassium. The statistical significance of the differences between groups is marked with asterisks: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.