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. 2025 Nov 17;16:1640980. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1640980

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Copyright © 2025 Liu, Li, Feng, Liu, Zhu, Zhang, Zhang and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar charts A to D compare soil mass fraction percentages by diameter particle size for dry and wet sieving. Charts A and B show dry sieve fractions, while C and D show wet sieve fractions. Each chart compares different soil treatments: SSa, SZa, and SLa, with their amended versions SSAFa, SZAFa, and SLAFa. Significant differences are noted with asterisks. The x-axis represents particle size ranges in millimeters, and the y-axis represents the soil mass fraction percentage. — Illustration of crop rotation effects on soil health, comparing tomato-maize-fallow with tomato-zucchini-fallow cycles. It highlights fungal groups (Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota) and bacterial groups (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota) along with soil chemical properties (OM, OC, TP, TK, TN, AK). Complexity changes for fungal and bacterial communities are indicated, showing increases or decreases with arrows.