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Growth of P. freudenreichii TL 34 (A and C) and ITGP23 (B and D) in YEL medium with (C and D) or without (A and B) 20 mM α-KG. Symbols: •, dry weight (grams per liter); □, concentration of acetic acid (millimolar); ▪, concentration of propionic acid (millimolar); ⧫, concentration of isovaleric acid (micromolar).
