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Hypothetical pathways for catabolism of BC keto acids. ACP, acyl carrier protein; E, enzyme; BcKA-DC, BC keto acid decarboxylase; BcKA-DH, BC keto acid dehydrogenase complex; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; HIC-DH, hydroxyisocaproic acid dehydrogenase. The solid lines indicate the proposed pathway for BC acid production by P. freudenreichii; the dashed lines indicate other pathways, partially adapted from reference 27.
