Table 2.

Comparison of PSPNet and PSPEdgeWeedNet variants.

Aspect	PSPNet	PSPEdgeWeedNet without CRF	PSPEdgeWeedNet with CRF
Boundary definition	Poor; boundaries between crops and weeds are blurred	Improved boundary sharpness compared to PSPNet	Well-defined and continuous boundaries
Weed leaf structure preservation	Inadequate; leaf structures are not clearly captured	Partial preservation; leaf edges are still not sharply structured	Good preservation; leaf morphology is maintained
Misclassification	Present; crops misclassified as weeds	Minimal; misclassifications largely eliminated	No significant misclassification observed
Edge sharpness	Low; edges appear soft and diffused	Moderate; improved but not optimal	High; edges are sharp and detailed
Tiny weed detection	Missed frequently	Slight improvement, but still limited	Some very small weeds missed, but overall better retention
Overall segmentation quality	Suboptimal	Moderate; better than baseline	Significantly improved