Table 1.
Demographics, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients in the derivation and validation cohort
| Variable | Derivation cohort (n = 1639) | Validation cohort (n = 819) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median age in years (IQR) | 74 (62–82) | 73 (61–83) | 0.958 |
| Male sex | 817 (50.2) | 405 (49.8) | 0.830 |
| Underlying diseases | |||
| Myocardial infarction | 124 (7.6) | 60 (7.3) | 0.832 |
| Congestive heart failure | 179 (10.9) | 91 (11.1) | 0.887 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 179 (10.9) | 74 (9.0) | 0.147 |
| Dementia | 171 (10.4) | 89 (10.9) | 0.742 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 190 (11.6) | 97 (11.8) | 0.855 |
| Liver disease | 110 (6.7) | 58 (7.1) | 0.732 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 418 (25.5) | 214 (26.1) | 0.738 |
| Moderate or severe kidney | 221 (13.5) | 99 (12.1) | 0.332 |
| Cancer | 421 (25.7) | 210 (25.7) | 0.981 |
| Haematological malignancy | 78 (4.8) | 41 (5.0) | 0.788 |
| Neutrophils < 500 cells/mm3 | 44 (2.7) | 25 (3.1) | 0.603 |
| Obstructive uropathy | 113 (6.9) | 46 (5.6) | 0.225 |
| Recurrent UTI | 158 (9.6) | 72 (8.8) | 0.496 |
| Obstructive biliary pathology | 100 (6.1) | 53 (6.5) | 0.720 |
| Median Charlson comorbidity indexa (IQR) | 4 (3–6) | 4 (2–6) | 0.635 |
| Invasive procedures /devices | |||
| Central venous catheter | 135 (8.2) | 67 (8.2) | 0.962 |
| Urinary catheter | 204 (12.5) | 96 (11.7) | 0.605 |
| Previous surgery | 125 (7.6) | 60 (7.3) | 0.790 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 29 (1.8) | 11 (1.3) | 0.431 |
| BSI acquisition | |||
| Community | 867 (53.1) | 448 (54.8) | 0.424 |
| Healthcare-associated | 467 (28.6) | 235 (28.7) | 0.939 |
| Nosocomial | 300 (18.4) | 135 (16.5) | 0.257 |
| Source | |||
| Urinary tract | 973 (59.6) | 492 (60.3) | 0.736 |
| Biliary tract | 308 (18.9) | 168 (20.6) | 0.309 |
| Non- biliary intra- abdominal | 123 (7.5) | 57 (7.0) | 0.625 |
| Unknow | 129 (7.9) | 52 (6.4) | 0.173 |
| Respiratory tract | 33 (2.0) | 14 (1.7) | 0.604 |
| Vascular | 24 (1.5) | 7 (0.9) | 0.202 |
| Skin and soft tissue | 14 (0.9) | 11 (1.4) | 0.255 |
| Pneumonia | 11 (0.7) | 8 (1.0) | 0.415 |
| Othersb | 24 (1.5) | 10 (1.2) | 0.571 |
| ESBL production | 215 (13.1) | 114 (13.9) | 0.582 |
| Median Pitt score (IQR) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.643 |
| Median SOFA score (IQR) | 2 (0–4) | 2 (0–4) | 0.596 |
| Previous antimicrobials | 430 (26.2) | 196 (23.9) | 0.217 |
| Appropriate empirical therapy | 1362 (83.1) | 675 (82.4) | 0.672 |
| 30-day crude mortality | 135 (8.2) | 68 (8.3) | 0.955 |
n Number of patients, IQR Interquartile Range, UTI Urinary Tract Infection, BSI Bloodstream infection, ESBL Extended-spectrum β-lactamases, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
aAdjusted for age
bIncludes central nervous system, osteoarticular and others.
Missing data were included in the supplementary material (Supplementary Table S2)