Skip to main content
. 2025 Dec 3;5:88. doi: 10.1186/s44158-025-00302-6

Table 2.

Primary and Secondary Hemodynamic Outcomes

Group SSA (N = 30) Group PNBs (N = 30) N = 60
N (%) N (%) p-value*
Hemodynamic instability 13 (43.33%) 5 (16.67%) 0.048
Bradycardia rate 10 (33.33%) 3 (10%) 0.028
Number of hypotensive episodes per patient**
 1 episode 8 (61.5%) 4 (80%) 0.394
 2 episodes 5 (38.5%) 1 (20%)
 Need for inotropes and/or vasopressors 0 (0%) 0 (0%) °
Mean (SD) Mean (SD) p-value*
TWA-MAP (mmHg) TWA-Hypotension (mmHg)** 66.39 (6.14)
0.69 (0.3) 66.4 (5.45)
0.46 (0.27) 0.991
0.155
 MAP (mmHg) 66.57 (6.36) 66.43 (5.49) 0.927
 MAP at hypotension episode 1 (mmHg) 58.49 (2.85) 60.4 (2.51) 0.202
 MAP at hypotension episode 2 (mmHg) 61.6 (2.07) Not applicable Not applicable
 Duration of episode 1 (minutes) 5.23 (0.24) 5.6 (0.55) 0.109
 Duration of episode 2 (minutes) 5 (0) Not applicable Not applicable

SSA (selective spinal anesthesia), PNBs (peripheral nerve blocks, TWA-MAP (time weighted average mean arterial pressure), SD (standard deviations)

*Continuous non-parametric data were compared with Mann–Whitney test, dichotomous data were compared with χ2test

° the data were practically costant

**These statistical measures refer only to the patients who experienced hemodynamic instability