Table 1.
Patients’ characteristics and glycemic control according to the presence of episodes of any form of nocturnal hypoglycemia
| Variable |
No nocturnal hypoglycemia (n = 175) |
≥ 1 episode of any form of nocturnal hypoglycemia (n = 580) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||
| Sex (man) | 91 (52.0) | 338 (58.3) | 0.142 |
| Age (years) | 53 (16) | 47 (14) | < 0.001 |
| Metabolic and lifestyle variables | |||
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 20 (13) | 22 (13) | 0.070 |
| LADA (yes)a | 45 (25.7) | 69 (11.9) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)b | 26.7 (4.9) | 26.8 (4.7) | 0.885 |
| Ever smoker (yes)c | 75 (44.4) | 241 (42.9) | 0.731 |
| Current smoker (yes)c | 32 (18.9) | 123 (21.9) | 0.411 |
| Advanced chronic complications of diabetes | |||
|
Microvascular complications (yes) Diabetic retinopathy (yes) Diabetic kidney disease (yes) Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (yes) |
33 (18.9) 28 (16.9) 11 (6.3) 9 (5.1) |
95 (16.4) 83 (14.3) 31 (5.3) 25 (4.3) |
0.444 0.580 0.634 0.642 |
|
Macrovascular complications (yes) Myocardial infarction (yes) Heart failure (yes) Cerebrovascular disease (yes) Peripheral artery disease (yes) |
22 (12.6) 10 (5.7) 6 (3.4) 7 (4.0) 11 (6.3) |
54 (9.3) 22 (3.8) 15 (2.6) 16 (2.8) 29 (5.0) |
0.209 0.269 0.553 0.402 0.506 |
| Insulin treatment | |||
| Total daily dose of insulin (IU/kg/day)d | 0.67 (0.27) | 0.66 (0.26) | 0.495 |
| Basal insulin alone (yes) | 10 (5.7) | 11 (1.9) | 0.015 |
| Percentage of basal insulin for patients on basal-bolus therapy (%)e | 55.8 (12.1) | 53.4 (13.4) | 0.061 |
| Next-generation basal insulin for patients on basal-bolus therapy (yes)e | 147 (91.9) | 490 (91.6) | 0.909 |
| Next-generation rapid-acting insulin for patients on basal-bolus therapy (yes)e | 50 (31.2) | 171 (32.0) | 0.895 |
| Open-loop insulin pump (yes) | 3 (1.7) | 29 (5.0) | 0.059 |
| Continuous glucose monitoring use | |||
| Hypoglycemia alarm set (yes) | 138 (78.9) | 419 (72.2) | 0.081 |
| Hypoglycemia alarm threshold (mg/dL)f | 78.0 (8.7) | 73.3 (6.9) | < 0.001 |
| Scans per day (n) | 10.9 (8.6) | 10.5 (6.2) | 0.743 |
| Glycemic control (continuous glucose monitoring) | |||
| Time above range, level 2 (> 250 mg/dL) (%) | 19.2 (17.4) | 11.7 (10.8) | < 0.001 |
| Time above range, level 1 (181–250 mg/dL) (%) | 28.7 (9.9) | 23.1 (8.2) | < 0.001 |
| Time in range (70–180 mg/dL) (%) | 51.3 (21.5) | 60.3 (15.5) | < 0.001 |
| Time below range, level 1 (54–69 mg/dL) (%) | 0.6 (1.0) | 4.0 (3.4) | < 0.001 |
| Time below range, level 2 (< 54 mg/dL) (%) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.6 (1.4) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose management indicator (%) | 7.8 (0.9) | 7.2 (0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose variability (%) | 31.9 (5.8) | 38.1 (6.1) | < 0.001 |
| Hypoglycemic events (n)g | 1.9 (2.7) | 8.9 (6.5) | < 0.001 |
| Duration of hypoglycemia (min)h | 66 (38) | 100 (49) | < 0.001 |
| Days with diurnal hypoglycemic episodes (n)i | 3.0 (2.7) | 7.2 (3.3) | < 0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation (within parentheses) or as absolute numbers and percentage (within parentheses). P-values were obtained using the Mann–Whitney test (for numerical variables) and the chi-square test (for categorical variables; with Yates’ correction applied when the expected frequency in any cell was < 5)
aSubtype of antibody-positive type 1 diabetes that is defined as adult-onset diabetes (> 30 years at diagnosis) with absence of insulin requirement for at least 6 months after diagnosis
bData available for 752 patients
cData available for 731 patients
dData available for 735 patients
eData available for 695 patients given that only patients on basal-bolus therapy were selected for these analyses. The percentage of basal insulin was calculated as daily dose of basal insulin/(daily dose of basal insulin + daily dose of bolus insulin)
fData available for 557 patients given that only patients with the hypoglycemia alarm set were selected
gNumber of hypoglycemic episodes with a duration of more than 15 min during the 14-day period
hData available for 671 patients as only patients with at least 1 hypoglycemic event of more than 15 min of duration were selected (duration of hypoglycemia is considered 0 min in those with no hypoglycemic events)
iNumber of days (6:01 am to 23:59 pm period) during the 14-day period in which the LibreView graph recorded at least 1 hypoglycemic episode, regardless of its duration
IU, international units. LADA, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults