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. 2025 Dec 4;15:43157. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-27179-3

Table 4.

Descriptive statistics, correlations and square root of AVE values.

Mean Std SL IM GX TCB HL
SL 3.792 0.958 0.751
IM 3.657 1.057 0.670*** 0.830
GX 3.162 1.244 0.623*** 0.663*** 0.852
TCB 3.598 1.023 0.588*** 0.571*** 0.551*** 0.721
HL 1.660 0.821 0.000 0.056 0.229** 0.045

Square root of AVE on the diagonal in bold; ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; SL, servant leadership; IM, intrinsic motivation; GX, supervisor-subordinate guanxi; TCB, employees’ taking charge behavior; HL, hierarchical level.