Table 3.
Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD mortality and life expectancy at age 50, according to the number of low-risk lifestyle factors, among patients with T2D, stratified by metabolic risk factor control*
| Cohorts | Subgroups | Person-year | CVD mortality | All-cause mortality | Life expectancy [years (95% CI)] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Death (n) | HR (95% CI) | Death (n) | HR (95% CI) | Male | Female | |||
| CCDRFS | ||||||||
| Optimal metabolic risk factor control | ||||||||
| 0–1 low-risk lifestyle factors | 7622 | 45 | Reference | 119 | Reference | 23.4 (22.6–24.0) | 26.3 (26.9–28.3) | |
| 2–3 low-risk lifestyle factors | 13,879 | 38 | 0.28 (0.14–0.57) | 121 | 0.53 (0.35–0.80) | 29.0 (26.2–31.8) | 33.4 (30.6–36.2) | |
| Suboptimal metabolic risk factor control | ||||||||
| 0–1 low-risk lifestyle factors | 39,947 | 346 | Reference | 762 | Reference | 24.0 (22.7–25.2) | 28.4 (26.9–29.7) | |
| 2–3 low-risk lifestyle factors | 87,968 | 513 | 0.79 (0.61–1.01) | 1074 | 0.72 (0.60–0.86) | 26.0 (24.7–27.9) | 30.5 (28.0–32.6) | |
| USA NHANES | ||||||||
| Optimal metabolic risk factor control | ||||||||
| 0–1 low-risk lifestyle factors | 2428 | 50 | Reference | 96 | Reference | 26.0 (23.7–28.3) | 29.5 (27.3–31.5) | |
| 2–3 low-risk lifestyle factors | 1966 | 19 | 0.43 (0.21–0.87) | 47 | 0.54 (0.38–0.76) | 32.2 (29.2–34.9) | 35.1 (32.6–37.6) | |
| Suboptimal metabolic risk factor control | ||||||||
| 0–1 low-risk lifestyle factors | 25,774 | 334 | Reference | 1050 | Reference | 25.2 (24.5–25.9) | 28.8 (28.1–29.5) | |
| 2–3 low-risk lifestyle factors | 15,789 | 159 | 0.77 (0.61–0.97) | 421 | 0.67 (0.58–0.78) | 29.4 (29.0–29.7) | 32.6 (32.3–32.9) | |
| UK Biobank | ||||||||
| Optimal metabolic risk factor control | ||||||||
| 0–1 low-risk lifestyle factors | 15,412 | 53 | Reference | 189 | Reference | 28.4 (28.2–28.6) | 31.2 (31.0–31.3) | |
| 2–3 low-risk lifestyle factors | 12,505 | 23 | 0.62 (0.38–1.03) | 94 | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | 31.7 (31.5–31.9) | 34.3 (34.1–34.4) | |
| Suboptimal metabolic risk factor control | ||||||||
| 0–1 low-risk lifestyle factors | 157,328 | 873 | Reference | 2733 | Reference | 26.7 (26.6–26.7) | 29.5 (29.4–29.5) | |
| 2–3 low-risk lifestyle factors | 89,750 | 326 | 0.74 (0.65–0.84) | 944 | 0.65 (0.60–0.71) | 30.0 (29.5–30.5) | 32.7 (32.2–33.1) | |
*The term “optimal metabolic risk factor control” refers to individuals who have achieved optimal levels of all three metabolic risk factors, namely blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid levels. Conversely, “suboptimal risk factor control” is defined as individuals who have not achieved optimal levels of all these metabolic risk factors. HRs were adjusted for age, sex, race (not adjusted in CCDRFS), residence area (adjusted in CCDRFS only), education level, economic status, history of CVD and cancer, and diabetes duration (not adjusted in CCDRFS). T2D type 2 diabetes, CVD cardiovascular disease, CCDRFS China Chronic Disease and Risk Factors Surveillance, NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey