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. 2025 Nov 21;38:14953. doi: 10.3389/ti.2025.14953

TABLE 3.

Intraoperative outcomes after robotic-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) versus open kidney transplantation (OKT).

Intraoperative outcomes Overall population n = 400 RAKT n = 200 OKT n = 200 p
Transplant site (n, %) Right iliac fossa 337 (84.3%) 175 (87.5%) 162 (81.0%) 0.1
Left iliac fossa 63 (15.8%) 25 (12.5%) 38 (19.0%)
Intraoperative complications (n, %) EAUiaiC grade 0, 1 and 2 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.1
EAUiaiC grade 3
-Active bleeding
-New vascular anastomosis without conversion

1 (0.3%)
1 (0.3%)

0 (0%)
0 (0%)

1 (0.5%)
1 (0.5%)
EAUiaiC grade 4A 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
EAUiaiC grade 4B
-Conversion due: a) Venous thrombosis
c) Abnormal perfusion without requiring new vascular anastomosis
d) Abnormal perfusion requiring new vascular anastomosis




1 (0.5%)
3 (1.5%)
3 (3.0%)



Total major intra-operative complications (n, %) 9 (2.3%) 7 (3.5%) 2 (1.0%)
Operative time (median, IQR, Range) 157.5 (120.0–190.0) (50–325.0) 185.5 (170.0–211.0) (100.0–325.0) 120.0 (105.0–145.0) (50.0–240.0) <0.0001

RAKT, Robotic-assisted kidney transplantation; OKT, Open kidney transplantation; EAUiaiC, Intraoperative Adverse Incident Classification by the European Association of Urology. Bold values indicate statistically significant results (p < 0.05).