Table 1.
Characteristics of the studied participants across quartiles of energy-adjusted dietary insulin load and TyG-BMI index
| Energy-adjusted Insulin Load | P-value | TyG-BMI index | P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |||
| N=233 | N=232 | N=233 | N=232 | N=233 | N=232 | N=233 | N=232 | |||
| Demographic and socioeconomic data | ||||||||||
| Age (y) | 58.91 (10.12) | 58.27 (10.80) | 58.61 (10.92) | 57.72 (10.35) | 0.298 | 58.48 (11.14) | 58.95 (10.89) | 58.30 (9.45) | 57.78 (10.66) | 0.352 |
| Gender (male, n (%)) | 128 (54.9%) | 128 (55.2%) | 122 (52.4%) | 135 (58.2%) | 0.661 | 138 (59.2%) | 124 (53.4%) | 130 (55.8%) | 121 (52.2%) | 0.443 |
| Married (n (%)) | 198 (85.0%) | 214 (92.2%) | 211 (90.6%) | 212 (91.4%) | 0.060 | 213 (91.4%) | 210 (90.5%) | 211 (90.6%) | 201 (86.6%) | 0.352 |
| Education | 0.964 | 0.894 | ||||||||
| Illiterate or elementary school (n (%)) | 138 (59.2%) | 130 (56.0%) | 131 (56.2%) | 133 (57.3%) | 138 (59.2%) | 131 (56.5%) | 138 (59.2%) | 125 (53.9%) | ||
| High school (n (%)) | 67 (28.8%) | 75 (32.3%) | 69 (29.6%) | 69 (29.7%) | 69 (29.6%) | 70 (30.2%) | 66 (28.3%) | 75 (32.3%) | ||
| Higher Education (n (%)) | 28 (12.0%) | 27 (11.6%) | 33 (14.2%) | 30 (12.9%) | 26 (11.2%) | 31 (13.4%) | 29 (12.5%) | 32 (13.8%) | ||
| Smoking (n (%)) | 44 (18.9%) | 48 (20.7%) | 51 (21.9%) | 45 (19.4%) | 0.845 | 59 (25.3%) | 52 (22.4%) | 38 (16.3%) | 39 (16.8%) | 0.041 |
| Opium (n (%)) | 43 (18.5%) | 33 (14.2%) | 41 (17.6%) | 34 (14.7%) | 0.519 | 48 (20.6%) | 37 (15.9%) | 33 (14.2%) | 33 (14.2%) | 0.211 |
| Physical activity (min/day) | 30.14 (27.50) | 30.67 (26.58) | 30.71 (27.28) | 33.51 (28.98) | 0.454 | 33.55 (28.34) | 32.37 (26.87) | 30.52 (27.62) | 28.58 (27.40) | 0.038 |
| Past medical history | ||||||||||
| Hypertension (n (%)) | 160 (68.7%) | 161 (69.4%) | 174 (74.7%) | 168 (72.4%) | 0.445 | 167 (71.7%) | 166 (71.6%) | 164 (70.4%) | 166 (71.6%) | 0.993 |
| Dyslipidemia (n (%)) | 184 (79.0%) | 187 (80.6%) | 195 (83.7%) | 189 (81.5%) | 0.619 | 185 (79.4%) | 181 (78.0%) | 189 (81.1%) | 200 (86.2%) | 0.114 |
| Diabetes/Prediabetes (n (%)) | 165 (70.8%) | 154 (66.4%) | 159 (68.2%) | 163 (70.3%) | 0.721 | 128 (54.9%) | 155 (66.8%) | 167 (71.7%) | 191 (82.3%) | <0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes (n (%)) | 58 (24.9%) | 65 (28.0%) | 71 (30.5%) | 66 (28.4%) | 0.603 | 43 (18.5%) | 64 (27.6%) | 76 (32.6%) | 77 (33.2%) | <0.001 |
| Family history of hypertension (n (%)) | 59 (25.3%) | 73 (31.5%) | 70 (30.0%) | 70 (30.2%) | 0.484 | 52 (22.3%) | 76 (32.8%) | 78 (33.5%) | 66 (28.4%) | 0.028 |
| Family history of myocardial infarction (n (%)) | 40 (17.2%) | 47 (20.3%) | 46 (19.7%) | 50 (21.6%) | 0.678 | 40 (17.2%) | 45 (19.4%) | 40 (17.2%) | 58 (25.0%) | 0.123 |
| Family history of cancer (n (%)) | 23 (9.9%) | 21 (9.1%) | 19 (8.2%) | 21 (9.1%) | 0.939 | 17 (7.3%) | 19 (8.2%) | 27 (11.6%) | 21 (9.1%) | 0.423 |
| Family history of cardiovascular diseases (n (%)) | 108 (46.4%) | 97 (41.8%) | 111 (47.6%) | 111 (47.8%) | 0.527 | 97 (41.6%) | 104 (44.8%) | 111 (47.6%) | 115 (49.6%) | 0.342 |
| Medication use | ||||||||||
| Anti-inflammatory drugs (n (%)) | 193 (82.8%) | 185 (79.7%) | 181 (77.7%) | 177 (76.3%) | 0.322 | 192 (82.4%) | 174 (75.0%) | 190 (81.5%) | 180 (77.6%) | 0.167 |
| Anticoagulant drugs (n (%)) | 17 (7.3%) | 17 (7.3%) | 20 (8.6%) | 24 (10.3%) | 0.618 | 14 (6.0%) | 23 (9.9%) | 20 (8.6%) | 21 (9.1%) | 0.442 |
| Anti-hyperlipidemic (n (%)) | 130 (55.8%) | 135 (58.2%) | 136 (58.4%) | 137 (59.1%) | 0.904 | 130 (55.8%) | 123 (53.0%) | 144 (61.8%) | 141 (60.8%) | 0.183 |
| Antidiabetics (n (%)) | 113 (48.5%) | 116 (50.0%) | 122 (52.4%) | 120 (51.7%) | 0.842 | 95 (40.8%) | 108 (46.6%) | 113 (48.5%) | 155 (66.8%) | <0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive (n (%)) | 119 (51.1%) | 130 (56.0%) | 135 (57.9%) | 134 (57.8%) | 0.409 | 116 (49.8%) | 132 (56.9%) | 129 (55.4%) | 141 (60.8%) | 0.117 |
| Angiographic and echocardiographic data | ||||||||||
| LVEF category | ||||||||||
| 40–49 (n (%)) | 94 (40.3%) | 91 (39.2%) | 86 (36.9%) | 80 (34.5%) | 0.567 | 84 (36.1%) | 82 (35.3%) | 94 (40.3%) | 91 (39.2%) | 0.632 |
| ≥50 (n (%)) | 139 (59.7%) | 141 (60.8%) | 147 (63.1%) | 152 (65.5%) | 149 (63.9%) | 150 (64.7%) | 139 (59.7%) | 141 (60.8%) | ||
| Gensini Score | 44.36 (33.02) | 47.47 (37.18) | 57.14 (38.91) | 67.57 (40.50) | <0.001 | 48.04 (33.33) | 54.22 (37.11) | 56.80 (41.89) | 57.46 (40.73) | 0.009 |
| Anthropometric and biochemical data | ||||||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.56 (5.18) | 27.25 (4.48) | 27.30 (4.18) | 27.37 (4.26) | 0.520 | 22.86 (2.01) | 25.99 (1.68) | 28.30 (2.25) | 33.35 (3.62) | <0.001 |
| Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL) | 142.13 (64.77) | 138.30 (77.32) | 143.34 (76.21) | 140.53 (63.44) | 0.688 | 112.03 (33.23) | 127.66 (47.96) | 151.22 (76.79) | 173.48 (92.42) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 166.75 (52.99) | 162.27 (49.35) | 159.63 (43.77) | 156.59 (42.60) | 0.022 | 153.58 (39.21) | 154.48 (43.93) | 165.06 (47.39) | 172.15 (55.51) | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 186.76 (164.45) | 171.48 (109.59) | 174.75 (101.53) | 177.93 (103.73) | 0.850 | 124.91 (67.28) | 151.67 (76.86) | 190.32 (103.10) | 244.22 (176.60) | <0.001 |
All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), unless otherwise specified. *Continuous variables were analyzed using linear regression, while categorical variables were assessed using the Chi-squared test