Table 4.
Subgroup analysis
| Variables | Characteristics | Included studies | Sample size | Prevalence (%) (95% CI) | Heterogeneity I2, p–value |
Between subgroup difference (P-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | > 300 | 10 | 3684 | 44.03 (37.47 − 51.40) | 95.0, p < 0.001 | p = 0.378 |
| < 300 | 19 | 2975 | 50.99 (38.19 − 63.79) | 98.6, p < 0.001 | ||
| Region | Addis Ababa | 3 | 451 | 80.18 (66.59 − 93.76) | 92.7, p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
| Tigray | 3 | 629 | 47.06 (28.66 − 65.47) | 94.8, p < 0.001 | ||
| Oromia | 5 | 1548 | 48.60 (22.11 − 75.09) | 99.4, p < 0.001 | ||
| SNPPR | 7 | 1822 | 36.33 (25.50 − 47.16) | 95.8, p < 0.001 | ||
| Amhara | 7 | 1569 | 47.16 (34.43 − 59.90) | 96.6, p < 0.001 | ||
| Dire Dawa | 1 | 376 | 47.30 (42.28 − 52.32) | —,— | ||
| Harari | 3 | 264 | 52.30 (18.68 − 85.92) | 97.6, p < 0.001 | ||
| Sampling settings | Local markets | 21 | 5664 | 47.28 (37.88 − 56.68) | 98.4, p < 0.001 | p = 0.809 |
| Local farms | 9 | 1118 | 49.38 (35.16 − 63.61) | 96.1, p < 0.001 | ||
| Detection method | Microbiological analysis | 10 | 1640 | 52.85 (32.10 − 73.60) | 99.1, p < 0.001 | p = 0.781 |
| Light microscope | 9 | 1652 | 47.66 (34.92 − 60.41) | 96.8, p < 0.001 | ||
| Light microscope and Modified Ziehl − Neelsen | 10 | 3367 | 45.37 (38.52 − 52.23) | 94.2, p < 0.001 | ||
| Contaminant type | Bacterial | 10 | 1640 | 52.85 (32.10 − 73.60) | 99.1, p < 0.001 | p = 0.560 |
| Parasitic | 19 | 5019 | 46.40 (40.04 − 52.75) | 95.6, p < 0.001 | ||
| Publication year | Before 2020 | 15 | 2994 | 50.86 (38.88 − 62.83) | 98.2, p < 0.001 | p = 0.591 |
| After 2020 | 14 | 3665 | 46.50 (36.06 − 56.94) | 98.0, p < 0.001 | ||
| Overall | 29 | 6659 | 48.76 (40.78 − 56.74) | 98.1, p < 0.001 | ||
SNNPR: Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region