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. 2025 Dec 9;25:1704. doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-12045-4

Table 6.

Factors associated with the bacterial and parasitic contamination of raw vegetables and fruits collected from local farms and markets in Ethiopia

Variables Number of articles Pooled odds ratio (95% CI) I-squared (%) I2 p-value
The type of market 4 0.49 (0.22–0.76) 12.2 0.332
The medium of the display 5 2.15 (1.17–3.13) 14.9 0.320
The kind of produce 11 2.10 (1.13–3.08) 71.0 < 0.001
Fingernail status of vendors 5 2.02 (1.10–2.93) 26.5 0.245
The source of the produce 3 2.46 (1.45–3.47) 7.2 0.340
Education status of vendors 2 11.43 (6.18–29.05) 85.7 0.008
Venders’ handwashing habit 2 3.10 (1.53–4.67) 0.0 0.743
Washing condition of the product before it is displayed 9 2.41 (1.52–3.30) 89.9 < 0.001