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. 2025 Nov 28;26(23):11549. doi: 10.3390/ijms262311549
HA hyaluronic acid, hyaluronan
GAGs glycosaminoglycans
CaMKKβ calcium-dependent kinases
AMPKα AMP-activated protein kinase
ULK1 autophagy regulatory proteins
RHAMM receptor for HA-mediated motility
LYVE-1 lymphatic vessel endothelial HA receptor 1
TSG-6 TNF-stimulated gene 6
ECM extracellular matrix
HasA, HAS hyaluronan synthase
HYAL hyaluronidase
ROS reactive oxygen species
T6SS type VI secretion system
LMW HA low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid
DAMP danger-associated molecular pattern
HysA hyaluronidase
PRRs phagocytic cell receptors
PAMPs pathogen associated molecular patterns
CS chondroitin sulfate
HMW HA high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid
TLR2 toll-like receptor 2
TLR4 toll-like receptor 4
MMP9 metalloproteinase 9
HBD2 human β-defensin-2
TEWL trans epidermal water loss