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. 2025 Dec 6;17:5237–5248. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S550876

Table 1.

The Age-Standardized Incidence Rate for Maternal Hypertensive Disorders in 1990 and 2021 and Their Temporal Trends from 1990 to 2021

Location Incidence
Age-Standardised
Rate per 100,000
Population, 1990
Age-Standardised
Rate per 100,000
Population, 2021
Percentage Change in
Age-Standardised Rate
per 100,000 1990–2021
EAPC (95% CI)
Global 554.35(461.38,675.43) 461.94(392.73,551.65) −0.17(−0.21,-0.14) −0.51(−0.56,-0.45)
GBD region
Andean Latin America 307.22(271.68,349.51) 288.22(270.01,309.68) −0.06(−0.13,0.01) −0.16(−0.37,0.05)
Australasia 320.59(269.02,387.38) 224.57(173.84,281.37) −0.3(−0.4,-0.18) −1.03(−1.24,-0.83)
Caribbean 468.3(373.93,596.89) 345.1(278.18,433.02) −0.26(−0.3,-0.22) −0.95(−1.03,-0.87)
Central Asia 196.58(156.98,248.24) 180.35(144.84,228.23) −0.08(−0.15,-0.01) 0.4(0.1,0.71)
Central Europe 192.52(140.98,264.48) 169.62(138.88,210.94) −0.12(−0.27,0.04) −0.29(−0.65,0.07)
Central Latin America 758.62(643.3,897.84) 455(399.42,524.36) −0.4(−0.43,-0.36) −0.99(−1.34,-0.64)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa 2206.02(1861.35,2593.78) 1323.57(1098.63,1609.63) −0.4(−0.44,-0.36) −1.51(−1.64,-1.38)
East Asia 171.41(127.45,239.11) 108.74(84.21,140.96) −0.37(−0.45,-0.28) −0.57(−1.75,0.63)
Eastern Europe 405.04(296.85,555.96) 417.91(323.56,535.96) 0.03(−0.12,0.22) 1.12(0.63,1.61)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa 2217.74(1859.57,2576.39) 1408.09(1198.03,1626.08) −0.37(−0.38,-0.35) −1.39(−1.53,-1.25)
High-income Asia Pacific 206.53(162.41,269.35) 154.28(132.33,182.35) −0.25(−0.37,-0.13) −1.52(−2.01,-1.03)
High-income North America 392.14(300.76,522.67) 369.83(318.7,434.19) −0.06(−0.26,0.16) −0.48(−0.72,-0.24)
North Africa and Middle East 687.79(550.29,868.7) 370.18(291.85,474.07) −0.46(−0.49,-0.44) −1.49(−1.67,-1.32)
Oceania 568.38(449.38,708.83) 471.69(376.23,599.7) −0.17(−0.23,-0.1) −0.72(−0.76,-0.67)
South Asia 740.13(616.22,900.44) 338.92(280.67,416.78) −0.54(−0.56,-0.52) −2.8(−3.18,-2.42)
Southeast Asia 477.34(380.83,599.77) 309.44(248.43,383.27) −0.35(−0.39,-0.32) −1.33(−1.4,-1.26)
Southern Latin America 426.44(324.55,552.22) 384.74(323.35,465.73) −0.1(−0.19,0.02) −0.1(−0.2,0.01)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa 1204.18(1012.69,1409.85) 813.53(681.66,958.35) −0.32(−0.35,-0.3) −1.09(−1.15,-1.03)
Tropical Latin America 479.5(385.21,613) 316.27(270.82,377.16) −0.34(−0.41,-0.28) −1.22(−1.49,-0.94)
Western Europe 190.81(146.7,250.2) 208.89(164.79,263.71) 0.09(−0.03,0.21) 0.41(0.27,0.55)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa 2256.21(1933.87,2588.36) 1678.15(1447.02,1911.36) −0.26(−0.27,-0.24) −0.84(−1.03,-0.65)
SDI quintile
High SDI 269.6(211.65,353.21) 250.31(208.38,304.89) −0.07(−0.2,0.07) −0.49(−0.67,-0.31)
High-middle SDI 251.01(195.55,331.19) 207.21(166.86,257.15) −0.17(−0.27,-0.07) 0.05(−0.32,0.42)
Middle SDI 422.36(348.93,524.25) 300.8(252.74,364.43) −0.29(−0.33,-0.25) −0.72(−0.88,-0.57)
Low-middle SDI 823.86(699.94,989.06) 487.24(411.49,575.58) −0.41(−0.43,-0.39) −1.83(−2,-1.67)
Low SDI 1792.92(1531.06,2095.17) 1202.32(1025.84,1408.89) −0.33(−0.34,-0.32) −1.28(−1.4,-1.15)