Table 1. Patient clinical and demographic characteristics stratified by app randomization.
| Characteristic | Education App (N = 303) | Control App (N = 303) | Absolute Standardized Difference | Missing, n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Age, years, median [Q1, Q3] | 50 [37, 62] | 49 [37, 60] | 0.073 | 0 (0) |
| Body Mass Index, kg m-2, mean (SD) | 36 (10) | 34 (9) | 0.123 | 0 (0) |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.132 | 0 (0) | ||
| Male | 116 (38) | 97 (32) | ||
| Female | 186 (61) | 205 (68) | ||
| Other | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | ||
| Race, n (%) | 0.198 | 5 (0.8) | ||
| White | 262 (87) | 259 (86) | ||
| Black or African American | 20 (7) | 24 (8) | ||
| American Indian | 4 (1) | 1 (0.3) | ||
| Asian | 2 (0.7) | 3 (1.0) | ||
| Multiracial | 5 (2) | 1 (0.3) | ||
| Other | 8 (3) | 12 (4) | ||
| Ethnicity: Hispanic or Latino, n (%) | 15 (5) | 16 (5) | 0.014 | 1 (0.2) |
| Activated Decision Support Tool, | 155 (51) | 151 (50) | 0.026 | 0 (0) |
| Surgical Specialty, n (%) | 0.235 | 0 (0) | ||
| General | 153 (51) | 137 (45) | ||
| Thoracic | 17 (6) | 24 (8) | ||
| Colorectal | 4 (1) | 3 (1) | ||
| Obstetric | 14 (5) | 24 (8) | ||
| Gynecologic | 20 (7) | 19 (6) | ||
| Neurological | 16 (5) | 21 (7) | ||
| Orthopedic | 35 (12) | 33 (11) | ||
| Urologic | 25 (8) | 25 (8) | ||
| Vascular | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.3) | ||
| Ophthalmic, OMF, Plastic ENT or Plastic | 11 (4) | 13 (4.3) | ||
| Not specified | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Multiple | 4 (1.3) | 3 (1.0) | ||
| PROMIS Sleep Disturbance score, mean (SD) | 52 (5) | 52 (5) | 0.114 | 0 (0) |
| PHQ-8 score, mean (SD) | 5 (4) | 5 (4) | 0.027 | 0 (0) |
| Insurance, n (%) | 0.155 | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Medicare | 41 (14) | 41 (14) | ||
| Medicaid | 26 (9) | 36 (12) | ||
| Private | 198 (66) | 189 (62) | ||
| Self-pay | 7 (2) | 12 (4) | ||
| Multiple | 30 (10) | 25 (8) | ||
| Substance use disorder, n (%) | 6 (2) | 5 (2) | 0.025 | 0 (0) |
| Opioid use, n (%) | 20 (7) | 20 (7) | <0.001 | 0 (0) |
| Benzodiazepine use, n (%) | 28 (9) | 19 (6) | 0.111 | 0 (0) |
| Antidepressant use, n (%) | 85 (28) | 72 (24) | 0.098 | 0 (0) |
| Gabapentinoid use, n (%) | 78 (26) | 66 (22) | 0.093 | 0 (0) |
| Multiple procedures during admission, n (%) | 7 (2) | 7 (2) | <0.001 | 0 (0) |
| Length of stay, days, median [Q1, Q3] | 2 [1, 4] | 2 [1, 4] | 0.020 | 0 (0) |
| Pain score at discharge, mean (SD) | 3 (3) | 4 (3) | 0.017 | 4 (0.7) |
| Cumulative opioids in hospital, MME, median [Q1, Q3] | 96 [58, 163] | 100 [57, 175] | 0.005 | 0 |
Absolute standardized difference was calculated by dividing the difference in means by SD. Absolute standardized difference greater than 0.159 (bolded) was considered to indicate imbalance. Pain score at discharge was calculated using the visual analog scale. Medication use was identified preoperatively.
Abbreviations: ENT, ear nose and throat; OMF, oral and maxillofacial surgery; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; PHQ-8, Patient Health Questionnaire-8; Q1, First quartile; Q3, Third quartile; SD, standard deviation.