Table 2. Treatment effect on the primary and secondary outcomes.
| Outcome | Education App (N = 303) | Control App (N = 303) | Treatment effect (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Primary | Median [Q1, Q3] or Mean (SD) | Ratio of geometric means | ||
| Morphine milligram equivalents consumed four weeks after discharge | 22 [0, 98] | 15 [0, 82] | 1.21 (0.87, 1.69) | 0.264a |
| Secondary | ||||
| Morphine milligram equivalents
prescribed at discharge |
75 [60, 150] | 75 [60, 150] | 1.07 (0.85, 1.35) | 1.0a,d |
| Pain Intensity | 52.5 (9.7) | 51.3 (9.2) | 1.34 (0.20, 2.47) | 0.084b,d |
| Pain Interference | 55.2 (9.6) | 53.8 (9.8) | 1.47 (0.31, 2.63) | 0.070b,d |
| Frequency (%) | Relative risk | |||
| Additional opioids after discharge | 54 (18) | 46 (15) | 1.17 (0.82, 1.68) | 1.0c,d |
| Disposal | 6/183 (3) | 8/170 (5) | 0.72 (0.26, 1.98) | 1.0c,d |
| Exploratory | ||||
| Additional non-opioid analgesic medications taken | 35 (12) | 30 (10) | 1.16 (0.73, 1.84) | 0.531c |
a
P-value obtained from linear regression model with log-transformed outcome and treatment group, race and surgery type as covariates.
b
P-value obtained from linear mixed model with fixed covariates for treatment group (primary covariate of interest), time (categorical), race, and surgery type, and random intercepts for patients.
c
P-value obtained from log-binomial regression model with the treatment group, race, and type of surgery as covariates.
d
Holm-Bonferroni adjusted P value to account for multiple testing.