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. 2025 Dec 11;15:43626. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-27499-4

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Gene expression of antibacterial and immunomodulatory factors in BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs exposed to different concentrations of LPS. Supplementation of 10, 50 and 100 µg/mL of LPS increased (P < 0.05) bBD4A in BM-MSCs compared to control. Although, IL6 was downregulated (P < 0.05) by 100 µg/mL of LPS (0.57-fold) in AT-MSCs, IL10 gene expression was increased (P < 0.05) in these cells using the same concentration of LPS. Treatment with 100 µg/mL of LPS reduced (P < 0.05) TGFβ gene expression in AT-MSCs; however, this treatment increased (P < 0.05) expression of this gene in BM-MSCs. Superscripts (a, b,c) indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) among concentrations of LPS and control for each gene.