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. 2025 Dec 11;15:43626. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-27499-4

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial potential of CM derived from bovine fetal BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs against E. Coli ATCC25922. (A) First the antibacterial effect of CM derived from BM-MSCs, AT-MSCs, and FB was evaluated against E. Coli strain ATCC25922. (B) CM were concentrated (10-fold, CCM) with the aim of increasing their antibacterial capacity. (C) The in vitro antibacterial effect of CM from AT-MSCs, BM-MSCs and FBs pre-exposed to E. Coli (ACM) were in vitro evaluated against E. Coli. (D) ACM were also concentrated (10-fold) (CACM) and used against E. Coli. (E) The in vitro antibacterial effect against E. Coli of CM from AT-MSCs, BM-MSCs and FB was compared to each CCM. This was performed with the aim of verifying whether the effect of media concentration produced an increase in their antibacterial potential. (F) Comparative survival analysis of E. Coli strain ATCC25922 in CM and ACM from bovine fetal BM-MSCs, AT-MSCs and FBs. Superscripts (a, b,c) indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) between treatments within incubation hours.