Table 3.
Results of effective connectivity.
| Region | Trials 1–10 | Trials 11–20 | Trials 21–30 | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-test | Post-test | p(W) | d | Pre-test | Post-test | p(W) | d | Pre-test | Post-test | p(W) | d | ||||||||
| Source | Sink | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||||
| LF |
 LF |
2.19 | 1.00 | 2.15 | 0.53 |
0.91 (19.5) |
0.03 | 2.19 | 0.85 | 1.93 | 0.62 |
0.15 (28.0) |
0.27 | 2.07 | 0.55 | 1.85 | 0.80 |
0.75 (26.0) |
0.19 |
 LM |
2.81 | 0.99 | 2.96 | 0.63 |
0.70 (15.0) |
– 0.14 | 2.81 | 0.67 | 3.11 | 0.91 |
0.55 (13.0) |
– 0.21 | 3.30 | 0.98 | 2.33 | 0.71 |
0.08 (25.0) |
0.72 | |
 RF |
2.70 | 0.79 | 2.70 | 0.72 |
0.95 (23.5) |
0.00 | 2.67 | 1.20 | 2.63 | 0.96 |
0.93 (23.5) |
0.02 | 2.96 | 0.82 | 2.59 | 0.74 |
0.45 (24.0) |
0.27 | |
 RM |
2.63 | 0.89 | 2.74 | 0.55 |
0.65 (18.0) |
– 0.11 | 2.85 | 0.94 | 3.22 | 0.97 |
0.54 (16.5) |
– 0.22 | 2.59 | 0.85 | 3.00 | 0.78 |
0.41 (11.5) |
– 0.26 | |
| LM |
 LF |
2.70 | 1.25 | 2.93 | 0.70 |
0.76 (19.5) |
– 0.13 | 2.63 | 0.65 | 2.85 | 0.50 |
0.59 (13.5) |
– 0.27 | 3.11 | 1.08 | 2.63 | 0.92 |
0.63 (13.5) |
0.31 |
 LM |
2.52 | 0.60 | 1.96 | 0.90 |
0.31 (16.0) |
0.40 | 1.96 | 0.61 | 2.33 | 1.04 |
0.48 (16.0) |
– 0.26 | 1.96 | 0.54 | 1.70 | 0.89 |
0.44 (19.0) |
0.21 | |
 RF |
3.11 | 0.85 | 2.70 | 0.54 |
0.30 (26) |
0.39 | 2.70 | 0.54 | 2.78 | 0.78 |
0.91 (9.50) |
– 0.07 | 3.11 | 0.71 | 1.74 | 0.76 |
0.02 (34.5) |
1.25 | |
 RM |
3.15 | 0.93 | 2.63 | 0.73 |
0.42 (19.5) |
0.44 | 2.74 | 0.70 | 3.04 | 0.90 |
0.53 (13.0) |
– 0.23 | 2.63 | 0.96 | 3.22 | 1.07 |
0.35 (11.0) |
– 0.35 | |
| RF |
 LF |
2.74 | 0.72 | 2.67 | 0.93 |
0.76 (20.0) |
0.11 | 2.44 | 0.82 | 2.41 | 1.12 |
1.00 (14.0) |
0.02 | 3.22 | 0.76 | 2.85 | 0.60 |
0.72 (13.0) |
0.29 |
 LM |
2.63 | 0.89 | 2.81 | 0.38 |
0.63 (14.0) |
– 0.20 | 2.81 | 0.44 | 2.48 | 0.97 |
0.34 (31.0) |
0.29 | 3.07 | 0.83 | 1.85 | 0.78 |
0.02 (41.5) |
1.01 | |
 RF |
1.89 | 0.99 | 2.19 | 0.99 |
0.63 (18.0) |
– 0.17 | 2.26 | 0.88 | 1.93 | 0.66 |
0.48 (23.5) |
0.27 | 1.70 | 1.02 | 1.78 | 0.73 |
0.82 (16.0) |
– 0.05 | |
 RM |
2.81 | 1.24 | 3.15 | 0.60 |
0.48 (9.5) |
– 0.28 | 2.74 | 0.83 | 3.41 | 0.97 |
0.16 (10.0) |
– 0.52 | 2.56 | 1.11 | 3.00 | 0.58 |
0.51 (16.5) |
– 0.29 | |
| RM |
 LF |
2.78 | 1.01 | 2.89 | 0.71 |
0.96 (17.0) |
– 0.09 | 2.67 | 0.88 | 3.22 | 0.85 |
0.37 (14.5) |
– 0.34 | 2.63 | 0.75 | 2.74 | 0.55 |
0.62 (18.0) |
– 0.10 |
 LM |
3.44 | 1.18 | 3.19 | 0.65 |
0.65 (22.0) |
0.18 | 2.89 | 0.53 | 3.04 | 0.99 |
0.57 (13.5) |
– 0.15 | 2.59 | 1.24 | 3.00 | 0.82 |
0.84 (20.5) |
– 0.22 | |
 RF |
2.81 | 1.03 | 2.59 | 0.88 |
0.50 (29.0) |
0.15 | 3.04 | 0.75 | 3.52 | 0.94 |
0.27 (12.5) |
– 0.39 | 2.56 | 1.08 | 3.07 | 0.78 |
0.48 (12.5) |
– 0.33 | |
 RM |
2.00 | 0.82 | 2.30 | 0.86 |
0.63 (11.0) |
– 0.24 | 2.52 | 0.87 | 2.67 | 0.58 |
0.66 (14.5) |
– 0.18 | 2.00 | 1.25 | 2.67 | 0.60 |
0.17 (10.5) |
– 0.53 | |
Average degree, 
at pre-test vs. post-test in each trial block (
). The p values were calculated by Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and values in bracket represent statistics, W (
). The d value represents Cohen’s effect size. Mean and SD represent the value averaged across 
of nine participants and its standard deviation.