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. 2005 Oct 28;1(4):e53. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010053

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration, which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.

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(A–D) Cells were isolated from limb buds of wild-type embryos at E11.5 and infected with the indicated adenovirus. All three full-length GFP-tagged Gli proteins (green) localize to a domain in the cilium axoneme, which is visualized with anti-acetylated α-tubulin staining (red). In contrast, Gli3R::GFP is restricted to the nucleus and is not detected in this domain (D).

(E) The full-length Gli::GFP proteins (Gli2::GFP shown here) do not colocalize with the basal body at the base of the cilium, which is visualized with anti-γ-tubulin staining (red), indicating that the full-length Gli proteins localize to the tips of the cilia.

(F and G) Gli2::GFP (F) and Gli3::GFP (G) colocalize with a subdomain of Polaris (red) at the distal tip of the cilium.

(H–K) In Tg737 ^{Δ2–3β-gal} mutant limb bud cells, the GFP-tagged Gli1 (H), Gli2 (I), and Gli3 (J) proteins localize to the nucleus and in the region of stabilized microtubules around the MTOC marked by anti-acetylated α-tubulin. In contrast, the processed form of Gli3 (Gli3R::GFP) (K) is detected only in the nucleus.

Insets in all panels show the GFP (green) and nuclear (blue) staining only for the indicated cilium (arrow) or region (box).