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. 2025 Dec 12;15:43680. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-27413-y

Table 1.

Ablation experiment results. Bold values indicate the best performance. A “√” denotes that the module is included, while a “-” indicates it is not.

Case VGG16 Dice Loss PSA IoU(%) MIoU(%) MPA(%) F1-score(%) FPS
1 - - - 47.12 65.62 73.19 50.29 33.56
2 √ - - 48.38 73.82 78.43 65.21 30.42
3 √ √ - 50.35 74.79 81.84 66.98 31.07
4 √ - √ 48.84 74.06 78.01 65.63 28.78
5 √ √ √ 51.99 75.63 82.66 68.41 42.13