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. 2025 Dec 12;15:43680. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-27413-y

Table 6.

Performance comparison with existing semantic segmentation models. The bold font indicates the best values.

Model Precision(%) Recall(%) MIoU(%) Accuracy(%) F1-score(%)
DD-DA 60.95 66.75 63.35 98.93 63.72
Res_AUNet 51.00 54.71 53.74 98.94 52.79
Twins 67.38 41.89 66.93 99.05 51.66
M-DeepLabV3+ 59.07 58.54 70.32 99.01 58.80
V2-HRNet 63.21 56.60 70.82 99.08 59.72
M-PSPNet 46.21 41.18 63.28 98.71 43.55
VDP_UNet 71.44 65.63 75.63 99.27 68.41