Table 4.
Difference in scores across quality of life dimensions according to energy drink consumption (reference category: non-consumers of energy drinks).
| Dimension | Sex | Lifetime use (AVV) score difference (95% CI) | Past 12 months (12 m) score difference (95% CI) | Past 30 days (30d) score difference (95% CI) | Daily use; score difference (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Quality of Life | W | −0.08 (−0.24 to 0.07) | −0.1 (−0.28 to 0.08) | −0.13 (−0.32 to 0.06) | −0.22 (−0.61 to 0.16) |
| M | 0.13 (−0.21 to 0.47) | −0.01 (−0.42 to 0.4) | −0.01 (−0.37 to 0.35) | −0.08 (−0.46 to 0.3) | |
| Satisfaction with Health | W | −0.06 (−0.22 to 0.1) | −0,06 (−0,25 to 0,13) | 0,05 (−0,15 to 0,24) | −0,31 (−0,75 to 0,14) |
| M | 0.09 (−0.33 to 0.51) | −0,07 (−0,49 to 0,35) | 0,02 (−0,43 to 0,46) | −0,37 (−0,86 to 0,13) | |
| Physical Health | W | −2,05 (−4,83 to 0,74) | −1.53 (−5.04 to 1.97) | −1.29 (−4.89 to 2.31) | −3.83 (−12.34 to 4.67) |
| M | 3,52 (−2,4 to 9,45) | 2.61 (−3.48 to 8.71) | −2.68 (−9.66 to 4.31) | −3.45 (−10.35 to 3.45) | |
| Mental Health | W | −1.9 (−5.14 to 1.34) | −1.5 (−5.47 to 2.48) | −2.04 (−6.41 to 2.32) | −4.73 (−13.03 to 3.58) |
| M | 0.33 (−6.25 to 6.9) | 1.03 (−5.21 to 7.27) | −3.31 (−11.14 to 4.52) |
−8.72 (−16.99 to −0.45) p 0.039 / R2 0.1894 |
|
| Social Relationships | W | −1.22 (−5.15 to 2.72) | 1.33 (−3.04 to 5.7) | 0.47 (−4.57 to 5.5) | −3.28 (−13.82 to 7.26) |
| M | 4.88 (−3.21 to 12.96) | 7.42 (−0.84 to 15.68) | 3.23 (−5.36 to 11.83) | 2.06 (−8.59 to 12.71) | |
| Environment | W | −0.24 (−3.13 to 2.66) | 0.5 (−3.09 to 4.08) | −0.34 (−3.82 to 3.14) | −7.68 (−15.65 to 0.29) |
| M | −3.31 (−9.28 to 2.67) | −1.59 (−7.05 to 3.88) | −5.32 (−11.4 to 0.76) | −4.34 (−10.59 to 192) |
The scale for items 1 and 2 (perceived quality of life and satisfaction with health) is 1–5, whereas the four domains (physical health, mental health, social relationships, and environment) are scaled 0–100. Linear regression models adjusted for age, living arrangement, educational attainment, occupation, self-rated health, and past-month use of alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and cannabis. H (men); M (women); ED (energy drinks); LT (lifetime); 12 m (past 12 months); 30d (past 30 days). p-value: two-sided significance of the t test of the estimated regression coefficient. R2: coefficient of determination. Bold formatting highlights statistically significant findings.