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. 2025 Dec 3;12:1662098. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1662098

Table 5.

Cumulative odds of responses to selected quality of life scale items among daily energy drink consumers (reference category: non-consumers of energy drinks).

Item Men odds (95% CI) Women odds (95% CI)
Cumulative odds of responding affirmatively
How often do you have negative feelings such as sadness, despair, anxiety, or depression? 3.53 (1.28 to 9.75)
p 0.015/R2 0.225
1.09 (0.52 to 2.27)
Cumulative odds of responding negatively
How satisfied are you with yourself? 2.71 (1.07 to 6.89)
p 0.036/R2 0.201
1.66 (0.82 to 3.34)
How healthy is the environment around you? 1.97 (0.7 to 5.56) 2.58 (1.28 to 5.17)
p 0.008/R2 0.103
How satisfied are you with your sleep? 1.18 (0.45 to 3.09) 0.98 (0.52 to 1.86)
How much do you enjoy life? 1.78 (0.49 to 6.45) 0.99 (0.31 to 3.13)
Do you have enough energy for daily life? 1.19 (0.48 to 2.99) 1.35 (0.64 to 2.81)
Are you able to accept your physical appearance? 0.86 (0.25 to 2.99) 1.72 (0.76 to 3.9)

Regression models adjusted for age, living arrangement, educational attainment, occupation, self-rated health, and past-month use of alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and cannabis. p-value: two-sided significance of the t test for the estimated regression coefficient. R2: model fit estimated using the Cox–Snell/ML index. Bold formatting highlights statistically significant findings.