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. 2025 Dec 17;7(1):3. doi: 10.1007/s42979-025-04533-w

Table 5.

Breakdown of the likelihoods of each signal given vehicle Inline graphic's different possible stochastic attributes

Signal category Value Description Inline graphic *
Attentive cooperative Attentive punitive Distracted cooperative Distracted punitive
Implicit: accelera-tion 0 Inline graphic observes no acceleration from Inline graphic 0.05 0.05 0.55 0.55
1 Inline graphic observes deceleration from Inline graphic 0.55 0.3 0.25 0.15
− 1 observes acceleration from 0.4 0.65 0.2 0.3
Explicit: Inline graphic e.g. eye contact 0 Inline graphic is unable to make eye contact with 0.1 0.1 0.95 0.95
1 Inline graphic makes eye contact with 0.9 0.9 0.05 0.05
Explicit: Inline graphic e.g. gestures 0 Inline graphic does not observe an intention signal from Inline graphic 0.585 0.47 0.9275 0.9225
1 Inline graphic observes a positive-intent signal from Inline graphic 0.36 0.09 0.045 0.0225
− 1 Inline graphic observes a negative-intent signal from Inline graphic 0.055 0.44 0.0275 0.055

*Inline graphic values are based on results obtained from a pilot simulation run of 30,000 interactions