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. 2025 Dec 5;12:1681083. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1681083

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Copyright © 2025 Yousaf, Haseeb, Shen, Li, Fan, Sun, Sun, Sun, Yang, Yin, Zhang, Zhang, Zhong, Wang and Huo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Three ROC curve charts comparing RF, GNN, and SVM models are shown. Each chart plots the true positive rate against the false positive rate with dashed diagonal lines. Train and validation curves are displayed with respective mean ROC AUC values: RF (train: 0.99, valid: 0.95), GNN (train: 0.99, valid: 0.94), and SVM (train: 0.98, valid: 0.94). — Graphical view of training ROC and validation ROC accuracy of RF, GNN, and SVM models.