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. 2025 Dec 5;12:1693941. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1693941

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© 2025 Yan, Zhao, He, Li, Zhao and Ye.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A series of eight echocardiogram images labeled A to H. Each image displays different ultrasound views and Doppler waveforms of the heart, showing measurements and velocity data. Color Doppler is used in several images to indicate blood flow directions, and waveforms show velocity and pressure data, crucial for assessing cardiac function. — Measurement methods of echocardiography. (A) LVOT diameter measurement; (B) LVOT-VTI measurement; (C) ROVT diameter measurement; (D) RVOT-VTI measurement; (E) TAPSE measurement; (F) MAPSE measurement; (G) E velocity measurement; (H) Septal e′ measurement.