Table 2.

AGELESS score variables.

Continuous variable	Coefficient to normalized frailty	Coefficient to normalized age	Difference of absolute coefficients	β-coefficient
Depression*	0.28	0.05	0.24	0.046 (0.039, 0.053)
Income†	−0.23	−0.11	0.12	−0.058 (−0.077, −0.039)
FEV1‡	−0.27	−0.21	0.06	−0.266 (−0.315, −0.216)
Cystatin C§	0.21	0.20	0.01	0.585 (0.446, 0.724)
Categorical variable	F value for frailty	F value for age	Difference of F values	β-coefficient
Diabetes||	43.40	1.67	41.73	−0.279 (−0.372, −0.186)
Education¶	17.72	9.13	8.59
Any high school				0.242 (0.102, 0.382)
Any vocational school				0.016 (−0.091, 0.124)
Any college				−0.031 (−0.168, 0.107)
Any graduate or professional school				0.026 (−0.081, 0.133)
Intercept
				0.129 (−0.115, 0.372)

^*Measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale, which has a range of 0–60 based on symptoms experienced in the past week, with higher scores indicating more severe depression.

^†Annual household income, self-reported using ranges, with options including < $5,000, $5,000–7,999, $8,000–11,999, $12,000–15,999, $16,000–24,999, $25,000–34,999, $35,000–49,999, and over $50,000, and has not been adjusted for inflation.

^‡FEV1 was measured using a water-sealed spirometer.

^§Serum Cystatin C was measured at the baseline examination and reported in mg/dl.

^||Diabetes status was obtained by self-report, based on the question “have you been told by a doctor that you currently have diabetes”?

^¶We grouped educational attainment into five groups based on highest level of education, any lower-middle school, any high school, any vocational school, any college, and any graduate or professional school.