Table 2. Menopause factors are associated with insulin homeostasis traits.
Bold indicates statistical significance was met based on 95% confidence interval boundaries and a null beta-coefficient of zero. Hysterectomy and/or bilateral oophorectomy before menopause (gynecologic surgery), history of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use, and menopause age <50 years were compared to the no surgery before menopause, no history of HRT, and menopause age ≥50 years referent groups, respectively. Adjusted-model-1 covariates are as follows: gynecologic surgery adjusted for self-reported race; HRT use adjusted for self-reported race, gynecologic surgery history, and menopause age <50 years; and menopause age <50 years adjusted for age at study visit and gynecologic surgery history. Adjusted-model-2 covariates include adjusted-model-1 covariates with additional adjustment for body mass index.
| Unadjusted | Adjusted-model-1 | Adjusted-model-2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.5% CI | β | 97.5% CI | 2.5% CI | β | 97.5% CI | 2.5% CI | β | 97.5% CI | |
| Dysglycemia † | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Gynecologic surgery | −0.047 | 0.611 | 1.270 | −0.190 | 0.489 | 1.168 | −0.260 | 0.431 | 1.123 |
| HRT use | −0.608 | 0.034 | 0.677 | −0.605 | 0.079 | 0.763 | −0.463 | 0.249 | 0.960 |
| Menopause age <50 yrs | −0.235 | 0.367 | 0.970 | −0.405 | 0.285 | 0.974 | −0.550 | 0.164 | 0.877 |
|
| |||||||||
| Insulin Sensitivity Index | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Gynecologic surgery | −0.474 | −0.261 | −0.048 | −0.198 | 0.020 | 0.237 | −0.075 | 0.106 | 0.288 |
| HRT use | −0.308 | −0.089 | 0.129 | −0.320 | −0.123 | 0.074 | −0.444 | −0.275 | −0.107 |
| Menopause age <50 yrs | −0.489 | −0.287 | −0.086 | −0.450 | −0.232 | −0.014 | −0.261 | −0.099 | 0.063 |
|
| |||||||||
| Insulin Disposition Index | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Gynecologic surgery | −0.207 | −0.006 | 0.195 | −0.207 | 0.013 | 0.233 | −0.167 | 0.044 | 0.256 |
| HRT use | −0.325 | −0.135 | 0.056 | −0.349 | −0.152 | 0.044 | −0.419 | −0.225 | −0.032 |
| Menopause age <50 yrs | −0.212 | −0.028 | 0.155 | −0.240 | −0.041 | 0.157 | −0.237 | −0.050 | 0.138 |
|
| |||||||||
| Insulin Clearance Index | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Gynecologic surgery | −0.205 | −0.084 | 0.036 | −0.103 | 0.007 | 0.116 | −0.066 | 0.039 | 0.145 |
| HRT use | −0.094 | 0.027 | 0.147 | −0.136 | −0.027 | 0.082 | −0.181 | −0.075 | 0.031 |
| Menopause age <50 yrs | −0.228 | −0.117 | −0.007 | −0.230 | −0.103 | 0.024 | −0.148 | −0.034 | 0.080 |
Defined as fasting plasma glucose >100 or post-prandial plasma glucose >140 mg/dL at 2 hrs during an oral glucose tolerance test. Beta regression coefficients are listed with 95% confidence interval bounds.