Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| All n = 1005 |
Northern Taiwan n = 576 |
Central Taiwan n = 150 |
Southern Taiwan n = 238 |
Eastern Taiwan n = 41 |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 70.5 ± 11.5 | 71.5 ± 11.1 | 65.8 ± 12.0 | 70.7 ± 11.4 | 73.1 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 596 (59.3) | 352 (61.1) | 88 (58.7) | 129 (54.2) | 27 (65.9) | 0.251 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.7 ± 4.5 | 24.9 ± 4.6 | 25.2 ± 4.4 | 24.1 ± 4.2 | 23.5 ± 5.2 | 0.014 |
| Male | 24.7 ± 4.0 | 24.7 ± 3.9 | 25.7 ± 4.4 | 24.3 ± 3.7 | 23.0 ± 5.3 | 0.011 |
| Female | 24.7 ± 5.2 | 25.2 ± 5.6 | 24.7 ± 4.4 | 23.8 ± 4.7 | 24.4 ± 4.9 | 0.166 |
| <25, n (%) | 567 (57.5) | 318 (56.9) | 73 (49.0) | 148 (62.4) | 28 (68.3) | |
| 25-<30, n (%) | 308 (31.2) | 175 (31.3) | 53 (35.6) | 75 (29.5) | 10 (24.4) | |
| Obesity | ||||||
| 30-<35, n (%) | 85 (8.6) | 48 (8.6) | 20 (13.4) | 15 (6.3) | 2 (4.9) | |
| ≥35, n (%) | 26 (2.6) | 18 (3.2) | 3 (2.0) | 4 (1.7) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Waist (cm) | 87.8 ± 12.6 | 89.4 ±12.8 | 81.5 ± 10.8 | 88.1 ± 12.6 | 93.8 ± 11.5 | <0.001 |
| Male | 89.2 ±11.5 | 90.1 ±11.3 | 84.1 ± 10.1 | 90.7 ± 11.9 | 92.2 ± 11.8 | <0.001 |
| Female | 85.6 ± 13.8 | 88.3 ±14.9 | 78.0 ± 8.4 | 84.6 ± 12.8 | 97.0 ± 10.6 | <0.001 |
| Hip (cm) | 95.8 ± 10.7 | 98.0 ±10.8 | 92.1 ± 8.0 | 92.5 ± 10.6 | 95.6 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
| Male | 96.3 ± 10.0 | 98.2 ± 9.7 | 93.8 ± 8.7 | 93.4 ± 10.5 | 94.4 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
| Female | 95.1 ±11.7 | 97.6 ± 12.3 | 89.9 ± 6.5 | 91.5 ± 10.7 | 97.9 ± 9.2 | <0.001 |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 408 (40.6) | 251 (43.6) | 33 (22.0) | 101 (42.4) | 23 (56.1) | <0.001 |
| Never | 597 (59.4) | 325 (56.4) | 117 (78.0) | 137 (57.6) | 18 (43.9) | |
| Former | 243 (24.2) | 143 (24.8) | 21 (14.0) | 61 (25.6) | 18 (43.9) | |
| Current | 165 (16.4) | 108 (18.8) | 12 (8.0) | 40 (16.8) | 5 (12.2) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 767 (76.3) | 427 (74.1) | 99 (66.0) | 200 (84.0) | 40 (97.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 685 (68.2) | 406 (70.5) | 74 (49.3) | 173 (72.7) | 32 (78.0) | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 730 (72.6) | 411 (71.4) | 126 (84.0) | 163 (68.5) | 30 (73.2) | 0.006 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 180 (17.9) | 110 (19.1) | 20 (13.3) | 37 (15.5) | 13 (31.7) | 0.139 |
| Coronary artery intervention, n (%) | 319 (31.7) | 177 (30.7) | 44 (29.3) | 66 (27.7) | 32 (78.0) | <0.001 |
| LEAD intervention, n (%) | 601 (59.8) | 333 (57.8) | 73 (48.7) | 158 (66.4) | 37 (90.2) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 113 (11.2) | 54 (9.4) | 20 (13.3) | 25 (9.5) | 14 (34.1) | <0.001 |
| End-stage renal disease, n (%) | 263 (26.2) | 132 (22.9) | 22 (14.7) | 98 (41.2) | 11 (26.8) | <0.001 |
BMI = body mass index; BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; Egfr = estimated glomerular filtration rate; Hs-CRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL = low-density cholesterol.