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. 2025 Oct 23;43(5):794–804. doi: 10.2337/cd25-0039

Table 2.

Demographic and Baseline Characteristics

Characteristic Gabapentin (n = 79) Vitamin B12 (n = 78) Vitamin B1-6-12 (n = 80) P
Sex
 Male
 Female

11 (13.9)
68 (86.1)

20 (25.6)
58 (74.4)

12 (15.0)
68 (85.0)
0.122
Age, years 64.1 ± 10.5 65.4 ± 9.5 63.4 ± 10.1 0.439
BMI, kg/m2 24.8 ± 4.6 24.9 ± 4.5 26.4 ± 5.4 0.069
BMI range, kg/m2
 <18.5
 18.5–22.9
 23.0–24.9
 25.0–29.9
 ≥30.0

5 (6.3)
23 (29.1)
16 (20.3)
25 (31.6)
10 (12.7)

6 (7.7)
18 (23.1)
16 (20.5)
29 (37.2)
9 (11.5)

2 (2.5)
23 (28.7)
9 (11.3)
27 (33.7)
19 (23.7)
0.257
Comorbidities
 Hypertension
 Dyslipidemia
 Chronic kidney disease
 Cardiovascular disease
 Peripheral arterial disease
 Depressive symptoms
 Other
75 (94.9)
69 (87.3)
67 (84.8)
9 (11.4)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.3)
4 (5.1)
74 (96.1)
64 (82.1)
61 (78.2)
16 (20.5)
1 (1.3)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.3)
5 (6.4)
78 (97.5)
69 (86.3)
71 (88.7)
10 (12.5)
1 (1.3)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.3)
5 (6.3)
0.709
0.646
0.197
0.238
0.774
NA
1.000
0.944
Chronic smoking 4 (5.1) 2 (2.6) 4 (5.0) 0.778
Chronic alcohol drinking 3 (3.8) 3 (3.9) 1 (1.3) 0.573
A1C, % 7.5 ± 1.8 7.4 ± 1.6 7.6 ± 1.9 0.654
A1C range, %
 <7.0
 7.0–10.9
 ≥11.0

38 (48.1)
37 (46.8)
4 (5.1)

39 (50.0)
36 (46.1)
3 (3.6)

38 (47.5)
37 (46.3)
5 (6.3)
0.985
Complications
 Diabetic retinopathy
 Diabetic ulcer
2 (2.5)
2 (2.5)
0 (0.0)
4 (5.1)
4 (5.1)
0 (0.0)
4 (5.0)
4 (5.0)
0 (0.0)
0.722 0.722 NA
Metformin dose, mg/day 0
 500
 1,000
 1,500
 2,000
 2,500
 3,000

8 (10.1)
5 (6.3)
31 (39.2)
8 (10.1)
25 (31.7)
1 (1.3)
1 (1.3)

13 (16.7)
9 (11.5)
25 (32.1)
7 (9.0)
21 (26.9)
1 (1.3)
2 (2.7)

17 (21.3)
8 (10.0)
25 (31.3)
6 (7.5)
20 (25.0)
4 (5.0)
0 (0.0)

0.152
0.546
0.516
0.848
0.651
0.373
0.217
Thai DN4 score at week 0 5.1 ± 1.4 5.0 ± 1.5 5.1 ± 1.5 0.805

Data are n (%) or mean ± SD. NA, not applicable.