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. 2025 Oct 2;3(12):1423–1428. doi: 10.1021/envhealth.5c00201

Advancing Point-of-Care Healthcare Diagnostics to Tackle Future Outbreaks and Pandemics: Nanotechnology-Driven Developments and Impact on Rapid Pathogen Detection

Naresh Mandal ‡,§, Bidhan Pramanick ⊥, Tarun Kanti Bhattacharyya ∥, Baljit Singh †,*
PMCID: PMC12723529  PMID: 41446776

Introduction

Many health care systems lack access to robust diagnostic equipment and therapeutic treatments. This is particularly problematic in less developed countries and in remote locations i.e. small rural areas or villages. Laboratories in developing countries are often sparsely distributed, under-resourced with access hindered by economical or geographical factors. Such circumstances make the management and control of disease outbreaks and pandemics e.g. Covid-19 very difficult and challenging. Therefore, there is a need for low cost and reliable point-of-care (POC) test systems that allow for rapid diagnosis of disease beyond laboratory settings.

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing is still considered the “gold-standard” method for Covid-19 detection, however its reliance on precise and expensive thermal cyclers has restricted its use in resource limited settings and for POC applications. − In addition, reports of false-negative results when the RT-PCR test was utilized for Covid-19 detection, further strengthens the case for the development of alternative test systems. ,

Innovations in nanotechnology, materials science, microfluidics, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and diagnostics are aiding the development of POC devices that will provide rapid, sensitive, low-cost, and in situ detection of infectious diseases. Microfluidic RT-PCR systems (e.g., Epidax), dot-based immunoassays, and advanced biosensors such as field effect transistors (FET)-based, and Pd–Au nanosheet devices etc. are contributing toward improved sensitivity and accuracy in Covid-19 testing. − Optical biosensors for example Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) functionalized optical fibers and aptamer-based techniques, have demonstrated picomolar sensitivity for a wide variety of samples (SARS-CoV-2 spike protein).

The integration of nanotechnology with digital health platforms is transforming the landscape of infectious disease monitoring and control. Nanotechnology-enabled biosensors provide real-time data transmission to cloud-based systems: this capacity allows instant analysis, reporting, and triggering of public health response alerts. Application of these technological advancements together with the Internet of things (IoT) and Internet of medical things (IoMT) are capable of providing wearable and portable diagnostic tools to describe epidemic spread in a decentralized way with a pinpoint accuracy on geographic transmission. On the other hand, wastewater surveillance has become an essential tool for the early detection and management of viral outbreaks and global health challenges such as Covid-19 pandemic. Wastewater-based surveillance activated by nanoparticle-assisted viral detection, when interfaced with geographic information systems (GIS), ushers in an elegant tool for monitoring public health trends on a large scale. This increasing convergence of nanomaterial based technologies, environmental surveillance, and digital connectivity, are collectively contributing and building toward a strong, proactive, and responsive public health infrastructure that will help with rapid intervention while providing long-term epidemiological insights.

Emerging trends point mostly at miniaturized, cheaper, POC systems integrated with smartphone platforms and real-time data analytical systems. It is envisaged that POC test systems will provide solutions to logistic and economic challenges, enabling better global management of a pandemic like situation through effective tracking, therapy optimization, and equitable health care delivery. Smartphone-integrated biosensors have proven to be a very promising technology, as they are user-friendly, facilitating sampling and monitoring. However, the creation of such POC diagnostic platforms requires overcoming several hurdles such as enhancements of operational parameters, integration of sensing chips with micro- and nanoelectronics, and reliable management and security of the data generated. Hence, joint multidisciplinary efforts supported by way of global collaborations and public-private partnerships, are required for developing and applying such advanced smart diagnostic tools.

Recent Advancements in Diagnostics

The recent Covid-19 pandemic changed the axis of global healthcare with the escalating need for implementation of rapid and accurate diagnostics that can further decelerate the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 like strains. POC testing is a practical mechanism through which patient infections can be detected promptly. Advancements in research and commercialization of rapid and reliable POC testing systems are essential for effectively managing and controlling the devastating impacts of outbreaks and pandemics.

In the early stages of the Covid-19 pandemic, RT-PCR and chest CT scans were the main diagnostic tools. However, since it was a global emergency, other innovative techniques came up in the form of serological tests to detect IgG and IgM antibodies. These were rapid, but they were sadly lacking in sensitivity and specificity; thus, rendering their reliability inferior. Timing and sample collection caused a lot of difficulties in balancing accuracy against speed and accessibility.

Innovations such as RT-LAMP (Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification) and CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-based methods have broadened the measure of molecular diagnostics, and can provide faster results using simplified visualization techniques.

Nowadays, solid-phase immunoassays (SPIAs) and lateral-flow immunochromatography (LFIC) are widely used for various applications due to advantages in terms of ease of use, speed and sensitivity. Antigen-based home tests have gained popularity for the outcome monitoring. More than 50 FDA emergency use-authorized direct-to-consumer tests have entered the market, and increased accessibility for the users.

In terms of recent advances in nanotechnology for rapid pathogen detection, carbon-based nanomaterials and nanobiotechnology-based biosensing approaches have shown great promise in the development of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection systems. − Novel platforms have been developed using carbon nanomaterial-based approaches for viral detection. The advantages of carbon nanomaterials include its excellent electrical conductivity, compatibility, and chemical resistivity, all of which are essential for sensitive and reliable diagnostics. Compared to other common materials, such as gold and silicon, carbon is relatively inexpensive and can easily be scaled. Its versatile surface enables the easy attachment of bioreceptors for high specificity and sensitivity needs. Various carbon materials (like, graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphite, carbon black, doped carbon frameworks etc.) were reported to have significantly high surface area, tunable electrical properties and improved compatibility with biological systems, which further augment their diagnostic capabilities. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and hybrid nanoparticles, are providing significant new functionalities, and in combinantion with plasmonic sensing and catalytic amplification enabling ultrasensitive detection for various applications. , Even biocompatible polymers and hydrogels with embedded bioreceptors enable scalable, multifunctional, and highly specific platforms for advanced wearable sensing and healthcare diagnostics. , These materials seem promising in constructing the framework for the development of cutting-edge diagnostic tools that are patient-centric and affordable, but still further exploration and developments are needed. Further advancements in nanomaterials, nanobiosensors and nanobiotechnology-based biosensing approaches are expected to revolutionize diagnostics. , The integration of nanoparticles and nanomaterials with diagnostic platforms will lead to devices that would be of unparalleled sensitivity, and capable of multiplexing, rapid and reliable detection. Yet, translating research breakthroughs into commercial use is still a critical barrier that demands further developments, investments and multidisciplinary collaborations.

Isothermal amplification techniques are an emerging alternative to PCR allowing rapid and efficient amplification of nucleic acids at constant temperature. Recent advances in isothermal amplification methods particularly loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) have made pathogens detection faster, more sensitive, but less reliant on complex equipment requirements. A recent example of an FDA (Food and Drug Administration)-approved isothermal nucleic acid amplification test is the Abbott ID Now Covid-19 test. Isothermal amplification techniques can be coupled with electrochemical detection providing simple, rapid, and cost-effective bioassays with low sample consumption, and ease of miniaturization and simultaneous measurements. When paired with nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles or graphene, these techniques become even more powerful, enabling highly sensitive and rapid diagnosis.

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has also emerged as a scalable and noninvasive tool for monitoring infectious diseases at the community level, with nanotechnology playing a key role in virus concentration and detection from complex environmental samples. However, there are a number of challenges when utilizing molecular methods in WBE including (1) low concentrations of pathogenic microorganisms present in wastewater leading to the need for detection systems with amplified sensitivity, and (2) matrix interferences during sample analysis due to the presence of fats, proteins, fulvic and humic acids in wastewater. Alongside these developments, portable diagnostic devices have rapidly evolved to integrate advanced sample pretreatment, nanomaterial-enhanced signal amplification, and simple output formats that are easy to interpret. Also, the integration of CRISPR into diagnostic platforms, including electrochemical biosensors, lateral flow assays (LFAs), and fluorescence-based assays, has made rapid, sensitive, and multiplexed detection possible. Advancements in microfluidic devices and paper-based diagnostics are further improving the accessibility and affordability of such technologies, particularly in resource-limited settings. Technologies like paper-based electrochemical biosensors and CRISPR-nanoplatform combinations are leading examples, offering both precision and ease of use in remote or field settings. , These innovations reflect the powerful synergy between nanotechnology and diagnostics, opening new pathways for accurate, accessible and scalable detection of infectious diseases. Integrating such nanotechnologies with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms could further enhance diagnostic capabilities in terms of accuracy, speed, data handling and scalability.

Novel, cost-effective and rapid POC testing methods will be essential for early detection and supervision of infectious diseases and cases, which will enhance future preparedness and management against any forthcoming public health crises. The disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic elucidated yet another facet of POC’s transformative ability in healthcare delivery i.e. greater diagnostic test availability in rural populations and remote locations. Rigorous research and development, collaborations and public-private partnerships are now set to realize advances in diagnostics that are to change the management of infectious diseases and strengthen healthcare resilience with global preparedness in case of any future outbreaks or pandemics.

Concluding Remarks and Future Scope

The Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of resilient health systems and global collaborations across all dimensions including medical, scientific, regulatory and social. The pandemic has also enhanced the awareness of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development, and the importance of rapid, cost-effective and reliable diagnostic tools in the management and control of such diseases globally. ,,− New biosensor advancements and diagnostics linked to mobile phones have added value for quicker detection and swift diagnosis, and have potential to replace traditional methods. Figure illustrates the nanotechnology-driven pathogen detection (example SARS-CoV-2 spike protein) to revolutionize POC healthcare testing.

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Illustration showing nanotechnology-driven pathogen detection to revolutionize POC healthcare testing.

Advances in nanotechnology-engineered POC diagnostics are transforming methods for detecting and responding quickly to infectious diseases and outbreaks. CRISPR-Cas-based biosensors, graphene-FET platforms, and microfluidic devices have enabled diagnostic technologies to become fast, highly sensitive, and accessible in areas with limited infrastructure. For instance, CRISPR-based methods allow for rapid and highly specific detection of SARS-CoV-2 with no requirement of sophisticated laboratory equipment and therefore, are great options toward field/remote settings. Graphene-FET biosensors enable real-time and label-free detection with utmost sensitivity, supporting portable and scalable testing. Microfluidic devices integrated with smartphones facilitate sample processing and digital reporting, which is a must for real-time public health surveillance. These developments highlight the ongoing convergence of nanotechnology, molecular diagnostics, and digital health technologies in advancing global diagnostic capabilities in response to any future infectious disease outbreaks.

These innovative diagnostic measures have improved in both quality and speed and can bridge geographical distances aiding the transformation toward more equitable healthcare systems. Nanotechnology and biosensing convergence have, in fact, opened doors to advanced diagnostic solutions. Emerging nanotechnologies will do well in changing the future of infectious disease management with their remarkably high sensitivity and versatility. Transforming research concepts into commercially viable products is very challenging and demands rigorous research and development, funding supports, and interdisciplinary global collaborations etc.

Future research and development must focus on creating cost-effective, scalable, and self-sustaining diagnostics systems for a wide variety of infectious diseases. Real-time monitoring, better tracking of disease, and personalized therapy may be provided through the synergy of advanced materials, sensing platforms, data analytics, and IoMT. Healthcare systems will be able to better handle future pandemics through global collaborations with the novel technologies adopted. The major takeaway from the Covid-19 pandemic is robust preparation with a duly empowered global healthcare infrastructure to tackle such situations effectively and efficiently in the future. Considering viral and bacterial infections and outbreaks, AMR development and spread, the international and multidisciplinary collaborations and a more disciplined and responsive global healthcare infrastructure must be the top priority to better manage and look after public health. − The Covid-19 pandemic also highlighted the urgent need for portable POC diagnostics that can identify infections (rapid and early screening) in a timely manner, especially in resource-limited areas that lack health related infrastructure. Hereinafter, research should focus on developing economical, scalable, and self-working devices for diagnostics to detect infections directly from untreated clinical samples while taking account of interferences from complex bodily fluids. POC devices must be enhanced in terms of speed, specificity, and sensitivity through innovative detection schemes, while costs should be reduced to include affordability and accessibility.

Beyond Covid-19, real-time monitoring, improved tracking of infections and diseases, personalized therapies, that are further enhanced by advanced diagnostics, data analytics, and IoMT, seem to hold promise for effectively tackling a vast pool of diseases. The combination of nanoplatforms and AI/ML algorithms hold enormous potential to enhance and improve diagnostic processes and data processing, thereby helping to timely manage and control disease outbreaks. Simplified processes and automated diagnostic technologies will enable faster, accurate diagnosis with minimal need for complex infrastructure or specialized personnel, particularly in resource-limited settings. Global multidisciplinary collaborations will be vital to prepare healthcare systems for future outbreaks and pandemic like situations. In countering threats posed by viruses and bacteria, AMR, or even other global health problems, there is need for a more organized and proactive response in healthcare infrastructure. The scientific, regulatory and governing bodies must prioritize efforts and coordinate activities to establish and implement strategies so that the future generations are better prepared for any such health crisis.

We anticipate that the continued convergence among nanotechnology, diagnostics, and digital health infrastructure (IoT/IoMT & AI analytics) will yield integrated sensing systems (that were previously unimaginable) and more accessible and quicker diagnostics possible. Cloud-connected sensors, such as continuous monitors, generate vast amounts of data and AI will be essential in analyzing this data to uncover meaningful insights and trends to contribute toward the advancement of healthcare diagnostics and preparedness for future health emergencies. While we often focus on human healthcare, nanotechnology-driven sensors have broad potential in animal health, water and environmental monitoring, food safety, agriculture, and biodefense. In other words, nearly any analyte of interest could be detected or monitored for the well-being of living beings and in protecting our global resources.

Acknowledgments

No funding involved or used in writing this Viewpoint article. The authors would like to acknowledge and thank Dr. Tony O Hara for the insightful discussion that enhanced the quality of this article.

Biography

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Dr. Baljit Singh is a Senior Business Development-Research Manager and Principal Investigator at Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin). He contributes to applied research & innovations, project management, research supervision-mentoring, business development and commercialization activities across various research centres and hubs at TU Dublin. He has successfully delivered numerous collaborative applied research projects and contributed immensely to the establishment of the Enterprise Ireland Technology Gateway “MiCRA Biodiagnostics” at TU Dublin. He worked with a range of start-ups, SMEs and multinationals and played a key role in driving innovations at MiCRA Biodiagnostics. Dr. Singh is instrumental in nurturing talent and showcasing collaborative research synergy by aligning efforts with the broader TU Dublin mission to advance research, development, and innovation (RD&I). He has extensive research mentoring-supervision and project management experience (15 years) and managed numerous industry-academic collaborative cross-sectoral research projects (spanning undergraduates, postgraduates and postdoctoral researchers). Dr. Singh is an Editorial Board Member of Bacteria (MDPI) & Scientific Reports (Nature Portfolio); Guest Editor for Bioelectrochemistry (Elsevier), Biosensors (MDPI) & Chemosensors (MDPI); Associate Editor for Nanomaterials (Frontiers in Nanotechnology, Frontiers Media). Dr. Singh has around 60 high-impact peer-reviewed publications, and he reviewed diverse articles for reputed international journals. Dr. Singh has strong national and international collaborations, and his contributions played a very significant role in advancing RD&I and promoting collaborative excellence across TU Dublin. For further details: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0871-883X. Expertise & major research interests: Electrochemical sensors and biosensors development for human & animal diagnostics, pharma/biopharma, dairy/agri-food, and water & environmental analysis. Nanomaterials & advanced materials for sensor development. Microfluidics, biomarkers detection, diagnostics development, and point-of-care (POC) devices. Diagnostic microbiology, immunoassay development, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Baljit Singh: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Visualization, Validation, Writing-original draft, Writing-revising and editing. Naresh Mandal: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Visualization, Validation, Writing-original draft, Writing-revising and editing. Bidhan Pramanick: Writing-revising and editing. Tarun Kanti Bhattacharyya: Writing-revising and editing.

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

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