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. 2025 Dec 10;8:1720525. doi: 10.3389/fdata.2025.1720525

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Copyright © 2025 Zhu and Long.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart illustrating a facial recognition and anti-forensics process. An image enters two parallel paths: one through Arcface and an anti-forensics module, producing identity semantics and reconstruction, and another through spatial and frequency domains using FFT and autoencoder for feature extraction. Features are fused and optimized using an MLP. — Framework of the proposed method.