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. 2025 Dec 10;8:1720525. doi: 10.3389/fdata.2025.1720525

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Copyright © 2025 Zhu and Long.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart comparing the accuracy of different methods in two scenarios: FF++-AF and Celeb-DF-AF. The methods include Xception, FreqNet, SRM, LipForensics, DCNetwork, IID, DFS, Clipping, and Ours. The Ours method shows the highest accuracy in both cases, with slightly higher performance in the Celeb-DF-AF scenario. — Performance comparison on anti-forensic datasets. Our method achieves a significant performance margin over existing detectors.