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. 2025 Dec 10;8:1720525. doi: 10.3389/fdata.2025.1720525

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Copyright © 2025 Zhu and Long.

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Line graph titled “Robustness to Gaussian Blur” showing accuracy percentages against Gaussian blur sigma values ranging from 0 to 2.5. Three lines represent different methods: “Ours” in yellow, “Xception” in blue, and “FreqNet” in green. All methods show decreasing accuracy as sigma increases. “Ours” maintains the highest accuracy, followed by “Xception,” then “FreqNet.” — Robustness under Gaussian blurring with varying kernel sizes.