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. 2025 Dec 10;8:1720525. doi: 10.3389/fdata.2025.1720525

Table 5.

Robustness evaluation under different PGD attack strengths (ϵ).

ϵ Baseline CNN XceptionNet Ours
0.0 68.3 71.1 98.2
0.01 42.7 48.9 85.3
0.02 28.4 31.5 78.6
0.04 15.6 19.7 64.9

Metrics are overall classification accuracy (%). The bold values indicate the best performance during a comparison.