GLP-1	glucagon-like peptide-1
GLP-1R	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
GLP-1RAs	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists
GPCR	G-protein-coupled receptor
T2DM	type 2 diabetes mellitus
DPP-4	enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4
AEs	adverse effects
FDA	Food and Drug Administration’s
FAERS	FDA Adverse Effect Reporting System
PKA	protein kinase A
EPAC	exchange protein directly activated by cAMP
CREB	cAMP response element-binding protein
PI3K	phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Akt	Protein kinase B
IRS	insulin receptor substrate
PIP2	phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
PIP3	phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
GRK	GPCR kinase
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
MAPKs	mitogen-activated protein kinases
IP3	Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
HPA	Human protein atlas
GTEx	Genotype-tissue expression project
FANTOM5	Functional Annotation of the Mammalian Genome 5
EGF	Epidermal growth factor
RCTs	Randomized controlled trials
HbA1c	Glycated Hemoglobin A1c
Gly168Ser	Glycine at position 168 is replaced by Serine
ARRB1	β-arrestin 1
RNAi	Ribonucleic acid interference (RNA interference)
IRS-2	Insulin Receptor Substrate 2
KO	Knockout
PDE4D3	Phosphodiesterase 4D, isoform 3
PDE4D5	Phosphodiesterase 4D, isoform 5
β2AR	the β2-adrenergic receptor
PTH1R	Parathyroid Hormone 1 Receptor
PDE4	Phosphodiesterase 4
FC	Fragment crystallizable region (receptor)
IP3R	IP3 receptor
IBMX	3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
CAGE	Cap analysis of gene expression
nTPM	Normalized transcripts per million
GI	Gastrointestinal