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. 2025 Dec 10;13(12):3030. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13123030
CNS Central Nervous System
MSCs Mesenchymal Stem Cells
EVs Extracellular Vesicles
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species
ECM Extracellular Matrix
DFU Diabetic Foot Ulcers
VLU Venous Leg Ulcers
HOCl Hypochlorous Acid
DAMPs Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns
SA-EVs Senescence-Associated EVs
TGF-β Transforming Growth Factor-β
CTGF Connective Tissue Growth Factor
IDO Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
EMA European Medicines Agency
ATMPs Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products
MISEV Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles
CGRP Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
RCTs Randomized Controlled Trials
GPI Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
EV-LPS/EV-Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide Present on EVs
HVPC High-Voltage Pulsed Current
IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 Interleukin-6/-8/-10
LAL Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (Endotoxin Assay)
LPS Lipopolysaccharide
MMP−9 Matrix Metalloproteinase−9
NTA Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
POSAS Patient And Observer Scar Assessment Scale
VAS (Pain VAS) Visual Analog Scale For Pain