10-HDA	10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid
MRJPs	Major royal jelly proteins
FTIR	Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
LC-MS	Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
LC-MS/MS	Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
GOD	Glucose oxidase
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
CAT	Catalase
HS-SPME-GC/MS	Headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
e-tongues	Electronic tongues
e-noses	Electronic noses
VOCs	Volatile organic compounds
5-HMF	5-hydroxymethylfurfural
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
ADP	Adenosine diphosphate
AMP	Adenosine monophosphate
HPLC	High-performance liquid chromatography
UHPLC	Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography
ELISA	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
RP-HPLC	Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
MALDI-TOF MS	Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry
nanoLC-MS/MS	Nanoflow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
UPLC-MS/MS	Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
CML	Nε-carboxymethyl lysine
NIR	Near-infrared