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. 2025 Dec 5;26(24):11781. doi: 10.3390/ijms262411781
4-HNE 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal
Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
Nrf2-pS40 (phospho-Nrf2 Ser40) Phosphorylated Nrf2 at serine 40
NeuN Neuronal nuclei antigen/RNA binding fox-1 homolog 3
AQP4 Aquaporin-4
AKT Protein kinase B (PKB/AKT)
Akt-pS473 (phospho-Akt Ser473) Phosphorylated Akt at serine 473
β-catenin Beta-catenin
KEAP1 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
IL-1β Interleukin-1 beta
IL-6 Interleukin-6
TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor alpha
CASP3 Caspase-3
CASP9 Caspase-9
HMOX1 Heme oxygenase 1
HMOX2 Heme oxygenase 2
HIF-1α Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha
PARK7 Parkinsonism associated deglycase
JUN Transcription factor Jun
FOXO (FOXO1/3/4) Forkhead box O transcription factors
SIRT1 Sirtuin 1
NF-κB Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
MAPK8 (JNK1) Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8
p53 (TP53) Tumor protein p53
NQO1 NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1
SOD1 Superoxide dismutase 1
SOD2 Superoxide dismutase 2
GSR Glutathione reductase
TXN Thioredoxin
GPXs (GPX1–8) Glutathione peroxidases