Section	PRISMA-ScR Item	Compliance in Manuscript
Title	Identify the report as a scoping review.	Yes, title states ‘A Scoping Review’
Abstract	Structured summary including background, objectives, eligibility criteria, sources, charting methods, results, and conclusions.	Yes, Structured abstract provided with all elements.
Rationale	Describe rationale for the review in context of what is already known.	Yes, Introduction discusses COVID-19 governance gaps and treaty rationale.
Objectives	Provide explicit review questions and objectives.	Yes, Review question and objectives clearly stated.
Eligibility criteria	Specify characteristics of sources of evidence (e.g., publication years, languages, types).	Yes, Inclusion/exclusion criteria defined.
Information sources	Describe all information sources in the search (databases, registers, websites, etc.) and date last searched.	Yes, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, WHO, CDC, UN; searched May–Oct 2024.
Search	Present full electronic search strategy for at least one database.	Yes, Boolean search strings presented in Table 1.
Selection of sources of evidence	State the process for selecting sources (screening, eligibility, included in review).	Yes, Two-stage screening with Covidence described.
Data charting process	Describe methods of charting data from included sources (e.g., forms, multiple reviewers).	Yes, Standardized form in Covidence, 3 reviewers used.
Data items	List and define all variables for which data were sought.	Yes, Publication type, country, date, thematic focus, findings.
Critical appraisal of individual sources	If done, describe methods for assessing risk of bias/quality.	Not conducted, consistent with scoping review methodology.
Synthesis of results	Describe methods of handling and summarizing data.	Yes, Inductive thematic analysis, coding, synthesis into conceptual framework.
Results: Selection of sources	Report numbers screened, assessed, included, with reasons for exclusion.	Yes, Reported with flow diagram (Figure 1).
Results: Characteristics of sources	Present characteristics of each source of evidence.	Yes, Tables by study type, geography, year.
Results: Critical appraisal within sources	If done, present data on risk of bias/quality.	Not applicable in scoping review.
Results: Synthesis of results	Summarize and present charted results.	Yes, Organized into four themes with synthesis tables.
Discussion	Summarize main results, link to review objectives/questions.	Yes, Discussion maps findings to framework and treaty implications.
Limitations	Discuss limitations of the scoping review process.	Yes, Identified limited empirical evidence, HIC bias, timing issues.
Conclusions	Provide interpretation of results, implications for policy/research.	Yes, Conclusion emphasizes treaty gaps and broader governance for health.
Funding	Describe sources of funding and role of funders.	Yes, ‘No external funding’ statement included.