Challenge (From Literature)	Relevant Text/Excerpt in WHO Pandemic Agreement	Article Number(s)	Degree of Coverage	Notes/Gap Observations
Weak global coordination and fragmented governance structures	“Each Party shall cooperate and coordinate with international, regional and subregional organizations to strengthen pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response.”	Art. 3 (Purpose and Principles), Art. 4 (Scope and Relationship with Other Instruments)	Partial	Coordination language remains general; no clear mechanism for operational integration across governance levels.
Limited transparency and information-sharing	“Parties shall promptly share information on public health events and ensure timely reporting to WHO.”	Art. 11 (Information Sharing and Notification)	Full	Introduces binding reporting obligations and defines timeliness but lacks verification and enforcement mechanisms.
Insufficient sustainable financing mechanisms	“A Coordinating Financial Mechanism shall be established to mobilize predictable and sustainable resources.”	Art. 13 (Sustainable Financing), Art. 18 (Cooperation and Support)	Partial	Financing principles established, but implementation and monitoring arrangements remain vague.
Lack of enforceable legal accountability	“A Conference of the Parties (COP) shall oversee implementation, review progress, and promote compliance.”	Art. 17 (Implementation and Monitoring) and Art. 31 (COP)	Partial	Oversight depends on voluntary reporting; no independent compliance body or sanctions.
Weak integration of the One Health approach	“Parties shall adopt a One Health approach that integrates human, animal, and environmental health.”	Art. 5 (Objectives), Art. 12 (One Health and Prevention)	Partial	Framework acknowledges One Health but lacks operational standards or intersectoral funding mechanisms.
Limited empowerment of subnational and regional actors	—	—	None	The treaty does not explicitly include regional or local authorities, limiting subsidiarity and contextual responsiveness.
Unclear provisions for equitable data governance and benefit sharing	“A Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) System shall be established to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits.”	Art. 10 (PABS System) + PABS Annex (draft)	Pending	Annex not finalized; data governance and equity metrics remain undefined.
Weak enforcement and compliance measures	“The COP shall adopt procedures and mechanisms to promote compliance.”	Art. 31 (COP)	Partial	No independent monitoring or sanction mechanisms; compliance largely self-reported.