Challenge (From Literature)	Relevant Text/Excerpt in WHO Pandemic Agreement	Article Number(s)	Degree of Coverage	Notes/Gap Observations
Inequitable access to vaccines and countermeasures	“Each Party shall cooperate to ensure equitable and timely access to pandemic-related products… through a global supply and allocation mechanism.”	Art. 12 (Global Supply System and Allocation Mechanism)	Partial	Establishes principle of equity but lacks measurable allocation criteria or enforcement provisions.
Lack of sustainable financing for manufacturing and distribution in LMICs	“Parties shall mobilize predictable and sustainable financing through bilateral, regional and multilateral mechanisms, including a Coordinating Financial Mechanism.”	Art. 13 (Financing) and Art. 18 (Cooperation and Support)	Partial	Financing is non-binding; resourcing, oversight, and timelines are undefined.
Limited technology transfer and manufacturing capacity	“Parties shall encourage voluntary transfer of technology and know-how to support regional production of pandemic products.”	Art. 18 (Scientific and Technical Cooperation)	Partial	Relies on voluntary mechanisms and existing TRIPS flexibilities; no compulsory licensing triggers or enforcement mechanisms.
Inequitable benefit-sharing for pathogen samples and genetic sequence data	“A Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) System shall link access to pathogen materials and sequence data with fair and equitable benefit-sharing.”	Art. 10 (Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing) + PABS Annex (draft)	Pending	Annex under negotiation; benefit types, allocation rules, and triggers not yet specified.
Weak compliance and accountability mechanisms for equity provisions	“A Conference of the Parties (COP) shall monitor implementation and promote compliance with this Agreement.”	Art. 31 (Conference of the Parties)	Partial	COP oversight depends on voluntary reporting; lacks sanctions or independent verification.