Challenge (From Literature)	Relevant Text/Excerpt in WHO Pandemic Agreement	Article Number(s)	Degree of Coverage	Notes/Gap Observations
Critical gaps in pandemic response (delayed reporting, weak containment, misinformation)	“Parties shall ensure timely outbreak notification and transparent data sharing.”	Art. 10 (Surveillance and Data Sharing)	Full	Strengthens obligations for transparency and rapid reporting; however, operational enforcement mechanisms and penalties for non-compliance are not specified.
Weak integration of One Health approaches	“Parties shall adopt a multisectoral One Health framework integrating human, animal, and environmental health systems.”	Art. 5, Art. 12 (One Health and Multisectoral Coordination)	Partial	Conceptually embedded but lacks implementation guidance and measurable benchmarks.
Inadequate workforce education and training in public health	“Parties shall promote research, innovation, and capacity building for health systems strengthening.”	Art. 5 (Research and Innovation), Art. 6 (Health Systems Strengthening)	Partial	Indirectly addresses training through R&D and capacity-building but lacks explicit commitments to curricular reform or competency standards.
Structural inequities affecting LMICs	“Parties shall provide financial and technical assistance to strengthen LMIC capacities for preparedness and equitable access to countermeasures.”	Art. 6, Art. 13 (Assistance and Financing)	Partial	Recognizes LMIC support needs, but funding mechanisms are voluntary and not binding.
Weak regional coordination and cooperation mechanisms	“Parties shall cooperate at regional and subregional levels to strengthen preparedness and response capacities.”	Art. 12 (Regional Cooperation), Art. 18 (Technical Collaboration)	Partial	Encourages regional collaboration but lacks institutional structures or accountability frameworks for regional bodies.
Limited attention to misinformation and public trust	“Parties shall ensure accurate, evidence-based risk communication and counter misinformation.”	Art. 10 (Risk Communication and Transparency)	Full	Introduces explicit requirements for transparent communication, though no global monitoring system is defined.