| UPF | Ultra-processed food |
| BMI | Body mass index |
| CVD | Cardiovascular disease |
| ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| GLP-1 | Glucagon-like peptide-1 |
| PYY | Peptide YY |
| CCK | Cholecystokinin |
| AgRP | Agouti-related protein |
| POMC | Proopiomelanocortin |
| FFA | Free fatty acid |
| TG | Triglyceride |
| SCFA | Short-chain fatty acid |
| RMR | Resting metabolic rate |
| IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
| TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-α |
| CRP | C-reactive protein |
| RAAS | Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system |
| CNS | Central nervous system |
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