PACN, (also PACNs)	proanthocyanidin (-s)
PSRE	Pelargonium sidoides DC. root extract
CHX	chlorhexidine digluconate solution
HGF-1	human gingival fibroblasts
TGFβ-1	transforming growth factor beta-1
HPDLF	human periodontal ligament fibroblasts
ELISA	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
SE	standard error
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
IC50	half-maximal inhibitory concentration
PI	propidium iodide
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
PI3K/Akt/mTOR	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin
NFR2/HO1	nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-alpha
IL-1β	interleukin 1 beta
TGF-βR1	TGF-β type I receptor
TGF-βR2	TGF-β type II receptor
Smad2/3/4	suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic
PG30%	30% polyethylene glycol solution